OVERSOUL 



5905 



OVIPAROUS 



Oversoul. Term used by R. W. 



II to c\|HVS tin- |i|i-;i (if 



Cnl a-i tin- -uprcme spirit which 

 animates tho universe. Ho com- 

 pares the oversold to the atmo- 

 sjilu-ro which embraces the earth 

 in its bosom; it is the absolute 

 unity, in which each man's par- 

 ticular l. ."!!_ is contained 4n4 made 

 one with all others. 



Overs tone, SAMUEL JONES 

 LOYD, IST BABON (1796-1883). 

 Hntish banker. Born in London, 

 Sept. 25, 1796, 

 ho was educated 

 at Eton and 

 Trinity College, 

 C a m b r i dge. 

 | He entered the 

 business of 

 Jones, L o y d 

 and Co., and 

 became a lead- 

 lit Baron Overstone, i n g authority 

 British banker O n banking. 

 He was Whig M.P. for Hythe 

 1819-26, and in 1850 he was made 

 a peer. He died Nov. 17, 1883, 

 leaving his great wealth to an only 

 daughter, afterwards the wife of 

 Lord Wantage 



Overture. Musical composition 

 for instruments, intended otigin- 

 ally as an introduction or opening 

 of an opera, suite, oratorio, or play. 

 Handel modelled his overtures 

 on Lully's, Bach based his con- 

 certos on the Scarlatti overture. 

 Later, with the growth of sonata 

 form, the overture developed on 

 similar lines, and many of the opera 

 overtures of Mozart, Beethoven, 

 Weber, and the early Wagner 

 are symphonic or sonata move- 

 ments, some of them foreshadow- 

 ing the works which they preceded 

 either by employing the same 

 themes, or merely by inducing an 

 atmosphere. Concert overtures 

 are works built on similar lines, 

 but independent of any opera 

 or play, such as Mendelssohn's 

 characteristic Melusine, Fingal's 

 Cave, A Calm Sea, etc. ; Schu- 

 mann's Bride of Messina and Man- 

 fred ; and Sterndale Bennett's 

 Naiads, Paradise and the Peri, etc. 

 See Music. 



Ovid (43B.C.-A.D. 17). Roman 

 poet, whose full name was Publius 



Ovidius Naso. 

 March 20, 43 

 B.O., at Sulmo 

 (mod. Stl- 

 inona), in the 

 country of the 

 Paeligni, h i s 

 father being a 

 well - to-do 

 member of the 

 equestrian 

 order. Being 

 intended for 

 the legal pro- 



was born 



Ovid, 

 Roman poet 



From u print Itt IA< 

 Uritiik Jiuinm 



fession, his father took him to 

 Rome, where ho studied under the 

 most famous rhetoricians of tin- 

 day. He showed great promise as a 

 lawyer, and held some minor official 

 positions, but he felt that poetry 

 was his profession. At the age of 

 27 he wrote the tragedy of Medea, 

 unfortunately lost, of which Quin- 

 t ilian speaks in the highest terms. 

 With an increasing reputation and 

 enjoying the favour of Augustus, 

 in A.D. 9 he was suddenly " rele- 

 gated "(ee Exile) to Tomi, now Con- 

 stanta, on the Euxine. The reason 

 has never been explained. He 

 himself attributes it to one of 

 his poems (probably Tho Art of 

 Love) and to an indiscretion. 

 Unable to obtain remission of his 

 sentence, he died at Tomi. 



His extant poems, all except the 

 Metamorphoses written in hexa- 

 meters, may be divided into three 

 classes : 



(1) Erotic. These include He- 

 roldes, a collection of fictitious 

 love-letters, written by the heroines 

 of legend to their lovers or hus- 

 bands ; Amores, the varied ex- 

 periences of a lover, written round 

 an entirely imaginary Corinna ; 

 Medicamina faciei, Cosmetics or 

 the Art of Making-up, an account 

 of various toilet devices ; Ars 

 Amatoria, the Art of Love, with 

 instructions for gaining and re- 

 taining the affections of a lover or 

 mistress ; Remedia Amoris, Re- 

 medies for Love, apparently a 

 kind of recantation of the Art. 



(2) Mythological. These are : 

 Metamorphoses, his most famous 

 work, an account of all the myths 

 involving changes of form from 

 the beginning of the world to the 

 transformation of Caesar into a 

 star ; Fasti, a poetical calendar, 

 giving an account of the heavenly 

 phenomena, the Roman festivals, 

 and their origin ; originally in- 

 tended to be in 12 books, cor- 

 responding to the number of 

 months in the year, it was inter- 

 rupted by Ovid's banishment, 

 only six books, published after his 

 death, being completed. 



(3) Poems of Exile; Tristia, 

 Lamentations, and Epistulae ex 

 Ponto, Letters from Pontus, in 

 which he bewails his lot, and en- 

 deavours, by somewhat undignified 



Zeals, to induce the emperor to 

 w him to return. 

 Bibliography. Works, 9 vols., 

 1821; 5 vols., 1825; ng. trans. 

 H. T. Riley, 1851-52 ; Ovid, A. J. 

 Church, 1880; Roman Poets of the 

 Augustan Age, W. Y. Sellar, 1892; 

 Corpus Poetarum Latinorum, J. P. 

 Postgate, 1804; Post Augustan 

 Poetry, H. E. Butler, 1909. 



Oviedo. Prov. of Spain. It cor- 

 responds with the ancient Asturias 

 and occupies the N. slopes of the 



Central Cantabrun Mu. as far a 

 the Bay of Biscay. The Naroea, 

 .Salmi, and Navia drain the slopes 

 and provide water-power for the 

 local industries, textiles and glass- 

 making. In the Nalon valley is the 

 best coalti.-M in Spain. The 

 mountainous 6. impedes com- 

 munications, the road and rly. to 

 Madrid traverse the Pa j area Pass, 

 the other rly. skirts the coast and 

 connects the ports of Gijon and 

 Aviles with Santander. Sugar- 

 beets are a valuable crop. Its area 

 is 4,205 sq. m. Pop. 720,000. 



Oviedo. City of Spain, capital 

 of tho prov. of the same name. 

 Situated on the edge of a fertile 



Oviedo, Spain. Church of S. Miguel 

 de Lino, now a national monument 



plain where sugar-beet is exten- 

 sively cultivated, it has national 

 ordnance factories and manufac- 

 tures of textiles, leather goods, 

 chocolate, and matches. The cathe- 

 dral, rebuilt 1388-1528, is one of 

 the finest in Spain. The church of 

 S. Miguel de Lino or Lillo, built by 

 Ramiro I, 1035-63, is a cruciform 

 building and noteworthy for its 

 carving. The university dates from 

 1604. The town has been greatly 

 modernised with fine wide streets. 

 Pop. 56,000. 



Ovillers. Village of France, in 

 the dept. of Somme. It is 3 m. N.E. 

 of Albert, and is known as Ovillers 

 La Boisselle. Reached by the 

 British, July 1, 1916, its possession 

 was fiercely contested, but July 

 3-16 the British completed its 

 capture. Its ruins were regained 

 by the Germans in March, 1918, 

 and were retaken by the British 

 in the autumn. It has been 

 adopted by Gloucester, as various 

 Gloucester battalions took a pro- 

 minent part in the fighting here. 

 See Somme, Battles of the. 



Oviparous (Lat ovum, *gg ; 

 par ere, to produce). Term applied 

 to those animals that deposit their 

 eggs so that embryonic develop- 

 ment takes place outside the body 

 of the mother. It is obsolescent. 



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