PAESTUM 



Paestum. Ancient city of 

 Italy. It stands on the Gulf of 

 Salerno, 24 m. by rly. from the city 

 of Salerno. Founded by Greeks 

 from Sybaris about 600 B.C., and 

 originally called Poseidonia, 

 became a Roman colony in 273 B.b. 

 In the time of Augustus it was 

 celebrated for its roses. Later of 

 little importance, it became Chris- 

 tian, and in the 9th century was 

 deserted by the inhabitants, after 

 its destruction by the Saracens. 

 Robert Guiscard despoiled the 

 deserted city of its monuments 

 and sculptures. There are remains 

 of three Greek Doric temples, 

 remarkably well preserved. These 

 are the Temple of Neptune, 197 ft. 

 long, 80 ft. wide; the so-called 

 Basilica, and the Temple of Ceres. 

 All three probably belong to the 

 6th century B.C. The city was 

 surrounded by a wall partly pre- 

 served, and there are remains of 

 a Roman amphitheatre and temple. 



Pagan. Term synonymous 

 with heathen. In classical Latin 

 pagani, i.e. inhabitants of pctgi or 

 villages, who might be employed 

 for occasional military service, 

 were contrasted with milites or 

 professional soldiers. When the 

 Christians were described as 

 soldiers of the faith, the indifferent 

 masses were regarded as civilians 

 or non-combatants. Hence the 

 term pagan was applied to all non- 

 Christians, except Jews and Maho- 

 medans, who were at first con- 

 sidered an heretical sect. In the 

 Middle Ages the term Paynim, 

 through Old French from Lat. 

 paganisms, was applied indiffer- 

 ently to heathen and Mahomed- 

 ans, falsely thought to be idolaters. 



In a general sense, the word 

 pagan is applied to anyone who 

 makes no profession of religion, or 

 acts irreligiously. In Elizabethan 

 England pagan was a cant term 

 for a paramour or a basted. See 

 Gentiles. 



Pagan. Township of Upper 

 Burma, in Myingyan dist. It is 

 situated on the left bank of the 

 Irawadi, at the N. end of the Pegu 

 Mts. Until the end of the 13th cen- 

 tury Pagan was the capital and a 

 fine city with numerous pagodas ; 

 it is now almost deserted, although 

 the modern township, which in- 

 cludes a considerable area, contains 

 70,000 people. 



Paganini, NICOLO (1784-1840). 

 Italian violinist. Bom at Genoa 

 of humble parentage, Feb. 18, 

 1784, he made his first public 

 appearance when nine years of 

 age. The development of hia 

 unique gifts as a violinist was 

 largely due to his own efforts. He 

 left his home in 1798 and began a 

 wandering career, gaining fame 



as a violinist of 

 extraordinary 

 powers. 



In 1828 he "ex 

 tended his tours 

 beyond Italy, 

 visiting Vienna, 

 Berlin, Paris, and 

 England ; where 

 his appearance cre- 

 ated the greatest 

 curiosity and ex- 



Paestum. Ruins of the ancient Greek colony in Southern Italy: top, Temple o! 



Neptune, an example of 6th century B.C. architecture; below, the so-called 



Basilica, dating from the 6th century B.C. 



citement. In 1833 he returned to 

 Paris and spent the last years of his 

 life in playing at concerts there and 

 seeking good health in Italy and 

 the S. of 

 France. He 

 died at Nice, 

 May 27, 1840. 

 His weird ap- 

 pearance, dis- 

 solute youth, 

 powers as an 

 executant, and 

 methods of be- 



* *** 



After Ingres 



w-ildering musicians reveal him, not 

 only as a genius, but also as some- 

 thing of a charlatan, and this com- 

 bination of qualities has given rise 

 to many extravagant stories about 

 him. He composed many pieces for 

 the violin, including some caprices 

 which have been arranged for the 

 piano by both Schumann and Liszt. 



Page (Lat. pangere, to fasten). 

 One side of a printed or written 

 sheet, usually applied to the leaves 

 of a book or a newspaper. Pagina- 

 tion is the act of marking the 

 pages with consecutive numbers in 

 order to facilitate reference. 



Page. In feudal times, a youth 

 of gentle birth in training for 

 esquireship and knighthood, who 

 acted as assistant to an esquire in 

 attendance on a knight and his 

 lady. Pages were trained in arms, 

 armory (or heraldry), and the 

 amenities of life, including the 

 chase, music, and dancing, also 

 receiving such instruction in the 

 Humanities as was deemed neces- 

 sary for persons of gentle birth. 

 The order survives in the pages of 

 honour attached to European 



courts, youths who are trained at 

 the expense of the sovereign, are 

 allotted certain duties, and are 

 usually given commissions in the 

 household regiments or sovereign's 

 bodyguard. In the United King- 

 dom, for instance, the sovereign 

 has his pages-in-waiting. 



In many large establishments 

 there are young male attendants 

 employed on light duties under the 

 superintendence of a butler and 

 known as pages. In the U.S. 

 Senate and House of Representa- 

 tives the attendants are known 

 as pages. See Feudalism. % 



Page, FREDERICK HANDLEY (b. 

 1885). British aeroplane designer. 

 Formerly an engineer, he turned 

 his attention 

 to aeronautics 

 in 1907, and 

 after two years 

 of experiment- 

 ing he started 

 business as an 

 aeronautical 

 engineer and 

 designer, 

 founding i n 

 June, 1909, the 

 firm that bears his name. The first 

 works were at Barking, where vari- 

 ous types of machines were de- 

 signed and constructed. He re- 

 moved his works to Cricklewood in 

 1912. During the Great War he 

 turned them over to the govern- 

 ment, and designed several new 

 types of aeroplanes. He was 

 awarded the C.B.E. in 1918. See 

 Aeroplane ; Air ; Handley Page. 

 Page, THOMAS NELSON (1853- 

 1922). American diplomatist. 

 Born in Virginia, April 23, 1853, he 

 was educated at the universities of 

 Washington, Lee, and Virginia, 

 graduating in law in 1874, and then 



F. Handley Page, 

 British inventor 



