PALESTINE 



B939 



PALI r re 



Dec. 28 A lien by passed to a general 

 assault which, l.y the close <>f the 

 lolloping day, resulted in tl 



ol the Turks and the ad- 

 vance of tin- British. 



(in .l.ui. I, I'.Ms, the, British at 

 Pirtlii-l \\ !. alioiit 12 in. N. of 



in, ntul held a line of 

 villages on both sides .if tin- Sh' 

 I "in KM I. advancing Inter to 



Duiah. (>M I ih :M. after heavy 



litfhtini! in the hill* K. .if the H"ly 



lerieho was occupied. In 



Mareh, Allenl.y made farther pro- 



glWM OI1 lit h sides i>f t he She. hem 



id took Tel ABUT. During 

 the same month he made a raid n 

 Amman, K. of the .Jordan, in the 

 course of which he held KM Salt for 

 i short time In April he defeated 

 n Turco-Germ:m offensive, the 

 centres of which were Berukin, 18 

 m. N.K. nt Jaffa, and Kl (ihorani- 

 yeb, on the Jordan, E. of Jericho. 

 A second raid on Amman, which 

 started on April 30, and in the 

 course of which Es Salt was again 

 occupied and evacuated, was not 

 entirely a success. 



During April and May consider- 

 able changes, occasioned by the 

 situation on the Western Front, 

 were made in Allenby's command. 

 The 52nd and 74th divisions left 

 Palestine, and were replaced by the 

 7th (Meerut) division and the 3rd 

 (Lahore) division from India. The 

 other British divisions were de- 

 pleted of battalions, and various 

 yeomanry regiments were with- 

 drawn, their places being taken by 

 Indian cavalry from Mesopotamia. 



After weeks of training Allen by 

 passed to the great offensive. 

 It began on the night of Sept. 

 18-19, and lasted until the 24th. 

 The marked successes of the 

 British infantry were followed up 

 by the cavalry, who cut off the 

 Turkish retreat and swept up 

 thousands of prisoners. The 

 Turkish armies were destroyed, 

 several .towns were taken, and by 

 the 25th, except on the E. side of 

 the Jordan, the conquest of Pales- 

 tine was complete. 



The 4th Turkish Army was en- 

 deavouring to retreat N. along the 

 Hejaz railway, pursued by Aus- 

 tralian, New Zealand, West Indian, 

 and Jewish troops. Anzacs occu- 

 pied Es Salt on Sept. 23, and 

 Amman two days later ; thus the 

 retreating Turks were broken in 

 two. Up to the evening of Sept. 27 

 5,700 Turks were taken prisoner 

 in the Amman district. On Sept. 

 29 the garrison, 5,000 strong, of 

 Maan, which the Arabs had taken, 

 surrendered to the British at 

 Ziza. Further N. the Arabs, who 

 had occupied Deraa, intercepted 

 the Turkish retreat, and only a 

 small part of the 4th Turkish Army 



escaped. W. of tin- Jordan tin- 

 en.-my "as driven on at Jisr Benat 

 Yakuh, and ,,n S.-|,t. :i the British 

 and the Arab* were advancing on 

 Damascus. P.\ that ditto the con- 

 quest of Palestine wait completed. 

 The number of prisoners had 

 .swollen to 00,000, and upwards of 

 330 guns had been captm. d 



Hit,l,n,,r,,, ,/,.,. Tli.- t.i.-at War, 

 d II. \V. \\iU.i. and .1. \ 



1 1. .ii, 1014-10; The Time* His- 



i the War, 1014-20; The 

 Desert Campaigns, W. T. MaMey, 

 1018; How Jerusalem Wax U n 

 W. T. Massey, 1910; With tin- 

 P.riii-h Army in the Holy Land, 

 H. O. Lock, 1010 ; With Our Army 

 in Palestine, A. Bluett, 1010; 

 Allenby's Final Triumph, W. T. 

 Massey, 1020 ; The Desert Mounted 

 Corps : An Account of the Cavalry 

 Operations in Palestine and Syria, 

 IOI7-IS, K. .M. P. Pr.-M.iii, 1021. 



Palestine Exploration Fund. 



British archaeological organization. 

 Founded in London, l*<ij, it carries 

 on excavations in Palestine and 

 Syria. Originally the society's 

 activity was chiefly directed to- 

 wards unearthing Biblical sites, 

 and publishing its results. A num- 

 ber of special enterprises have been 

 organized. In 1865-66 Captain 

 Wilson led the first expedition to 

 determine the places and sites to 

 be investigated, and a similar one 

 was commanded by Lieut, (later 

 Sir) Charles Warren, 1867-70. An 

 important survey of western 

 Palestine and Cyprus was under- 

 taken in 1872-77. In 1881 Captain 

 Conder surveyed eastern Palestine ; 

 in 1890-93 work was carried out at 

 the buried cities of Tell-el-Hesi, in 

 which Flinders Petrie and F. J. 

 Bliss took part. In more recent 

 years special excavations were con- 

 ducted in the south wall of Jerusa- 

 lem, the ruins of Gath, Gezer, Beth- 

 Shemesh, and many other Biblical 

 sites. In 1920 work was re-started 

 in conjunction with the British 

 School of Archaeology at Jerusalem. 



The society has organized the 

 making of large scale maps, and 

 published numerous accounts of its 

 work. It issues a quarterly state- 

 ment, an annual, and has a Pales- 

 tine museum and library at its 

 headquarters, 2, Hinde Street, 

 Manchester Square, London. See 

 Archaeology ; consult also Thirty 

 Years' Work in the Holy Land, W. 

 Besant and C. R. Conder, 1895. 



Palestrina. City of Italy, in the 

 prov. of Rome. It is 23 m. K.s. K. 

 of the capital, and occupies the site 

 of the Roman city of Praeneste. 

 The modern town, with steep 

 streets, is picturesquely situated 

 on a hillside, and is almost entirely 

 built over the ruins of a vast 

 temple of For tuna, which graced 

 the Roman city. 



Praeneste or Palestrina came 

 in the Middle Ages into the pos- 

 session of the Colonna family, but 

 \ during a war with the pope 

 it was destroyed, as it was, after it 

 had been rel.mlt. l.v the pope's 

 troops in JHs. Th Colonnas, 

 however, again restored it, and 

 from them it passed to the Bar- 

 IM run family. There are remains 

 of the castle of the Colonnai, and 

 of the citadel, while the palace of 

 the Barl.ii mi -till stands. In the 

 latter building are some of the ob- 

 jects of art found in the neighbour- 

 hood. The cathedral is modern. 

 Apart from the Temple of Fortune, 

 the Roman remains include walls 

 and a villa. Pop. 7,000. See 

 Praeneste. 



Palestrina, GIOVANNI PIEBLCIOI 

 DA (1524-94). Italian composer. 

 Born at Palestrina, from which he 

 took his name, 

 he studied in 

 Rome about 

 1540, and, re- 

 turning to his 

 native town, 

 was canon 

 and organist 

 there from 

 1544-51, when 

 0. P. da Palestrina he was made 

 Italian compoier master of 

 music at the Vatican. On the 

 accession of Paul IV, in 15">.">, In- 

 lost this post, but soon filled a 

 similar one at S. John Lateran. In 

 1571 he returned to the Vatican, 

 and remained there until his death, 

 Feb. 2, 1594. Palestrina was the 

 greatest master of polyphonic 

 music who ever lived. His famous 

 Masses represent the most perfect 

 type for vocal music in the modal 

 style, and are landmarks in the 

 history of religious music, espe- 

 cially, perhaps, the one he com- 

 posed for Pope Marcel lus II. He 

 also composed some madrigals, 

 and made 29 settings of the Song 

 of Solomon. 



Palestro. Village of N. Italy. 

 It is in Pavia prov., near Vercelli, 

 34 m. W.S.W. of Milan. The 

 village was the scene of heavy 

 fighting between the Austrians and 

 allied French and Sardinians, May 

 30-31, 1859. The brunt of the 

 battle fell on the Sardinian troops, 

 a division of whom were led into 

 action by Victor Emmanuel, whose 

 bravery was so conspicuous that 

 a French regiment elected him 

 their corporal. The Austrians were 

 routed with a loss of 1,500, and 

 began the retreat which led to 

 Magenta and Solferino. 



Palette (Fr.. little shovel). Thin 

 slab of wood or porcelain, on which 

 n painter lays and mixes his colours. 

 There is a hole for the left thumb. 

 A more or less oval shape waa 



