PANDARUS 



the bases of the older one* - 



ing tin I'd.- small tluwera 



:IK in crowded -ho two 



M-Vf.S ..II >,),. ,|.l',. pi. lllls. TIllMI- 



i-iiMii.in- shiuba, and 

 I'liitilnnii.i, the screw j.r 



Pandarus. I: > ml, H 



I.x'i.tn .in her, \\lin fought for 

 :iicl w.is .slain l>y Diornodos. 

 From i IK- part he plays as a go- 

 between in the story of Troilus mid 

 Crewida as told by Boccaccio, 

 -, and Sliakespeare la de- 

 rhrd the \\ i in I pander. 



Pandean Pipes OB PAN'S PIPES. 

 Simple mii-icul instrument of ex- 

 treme antiquity. It consists of a 

 row of tubes, stopped at tlirir 

 lower ends and bound together, and 

 Mown across their tops by the per- 

 former. The number of tubes has 

 %:ui< <!, and the larger instruments 

 are capable of considerable effects, 

 though in England they are chieHy 

 associated with the simple strains 

 of Punch and Judy shows. See 

 Greek Art. 



Pandect ( Gr. pandektes, all- 

 receiver ; pan, all ; delchesthai, to 

 receive). Term apparently first ap- 

 plied to an encyclopedic work. In 

 tin- plural, it is specially used of the 

 Digest or analysis of the works and 

 legal opinions of the classical Ro- 

 man jurisconsults, the chief of 

 whom were Papinian and Ulpian, 

 which had been approved by earlier 

 emperors. This Digest was in 50 

 books, and was compiled at the in- 

 stance of the emperor Justinian. 

 With the Institutes and the Codex 

 the Pandects formed the Corpus 

 Juris Civilis, a complete system of 

 I;.. man civil law. 6'ee Roman Law. 



Pandharpur. Town of India, in 

 Sholapur dist., Bombay province. 

 It is on the Bhima, a tributary of 

 the Kistna, 84 m. E. of Satara. 

 Thousands of pilgrims visit the 

 temple of Vithoba. Pop. 28,600. 



P. & O. Abbreviation for Pen- 

 insular and Oriental Steam Navi- 

 gation Company (q.v.). 



Pandora (Gr., all-gifted). In 

 Greek mythology, the first woman 

 on earth, made from clay by the 

 god Hephaestus at the command of 

 Zeus, who desired to avenge him- 

 self on Prometheus (q.v. ). The gods 

 were so pleased with the result of 

 the skill of Hephaestus that they 

 vied with each other in endowing 

 her with various physical and men- 

 tal gifts. Pandora became the wife 

 of Epimetheus, brother of Prome- 

 theus. In his house was a box 

 which he had been forbidden to 

 open, but Pandora, overcome by 

 curiosity, opened the box, and let 

 out all the evils that afflict man- 

 kind. She shut the box, however, 

 in time to prevent the escape of 

 Hope. See Flaxman. 



5951 



Pandour. Term formerly used 

 to designate inriiibeni of a body of 

 Austrian infant ry, firot recruited 

 near the Tillage of Pandur, in 

 S Hungary. They were noted for 

 methods of warfare. 

 The word a extended to in 

 robbers and marauders. The 

 n.'liility in CVoatia and Slavonia 

 employ armed servants, who are 

 l.n -u n by the same name, whi< h is 

 -in. -times spelt Pandoor. See 

 Through Savage Europe, H. de 

 Win.lt, 1907. 



Pandnlf (d. 1226). Papal legate. 

 Of K.nnan birth, he early entered 

 the service of Innocent III and 

 first appeared in England, on a 

 mission from the pope, in 1211. On 

 his next visit, in 1213, John made 

 complete submission to the pope, 

 and at Runnymede Pandulf took 

 the king's side, repudiating Magna 

 Carta, and ordered the suspension 

 of Langton, Sept., 1215, for refusing 

 to carry out the papal sentences. In 

 the same year he was elected 

 bishop of Norwich. Promoted to 

 the office of papal legate in 1218, 

 Pandulf soon became the virtual 

 ruler of England. In 1221 he was 

 back in Rome, where Honorius III 

 consecrated him bishop of Nor- 

 wich, and he died in Rome, Sept. 

 16, 1226. His body was brought 

 to Norwich and buried in the 

 cathedral. 



Pandya. Former division of 

 India, the ancient Pandion. It was 

 one of the three great divisions of 

 Dravidian India, and comprised the 

 area S. of Madura, the modern 

 Tinnevelly dist. It included the 

 sacred island of Rameswaram. 



Panel (Old Fr., a little sheet). In 

 English law, the list of jurors re- 

 turned by the sheriff to serve at a 

 trial. Hence a jury is said to be em- 

 panelled. In Scots law, the accused 

 in a criminal trial is called the 

 panel. The word is also used for 

 any list of names from which a 

 choice can be made ; for instance, a 

 panel of doctors under the Health 

 Insurance Act in Great Britain, or 

 a panel of employers or employed 

 empowered to act as arbitrators in 

 labour disputes. 



Panelling. Covering of a sur- 

 face in a building, such as a wall, 

 door, or ceiling, with panels, i.e. 

 raised or sunk compartment, 

 generally framed at the edges. Or- 

 dinarily the material is wood, stone, 

 or plaster, the division of a plaster 

 ceiling by breaking it up into 

 panels being a favourite method of 

 decoration. Wood-panelling, as a 

 mural decoration, was introduced 

 into England in the 15th century. 



In Elizabethan and Jacobean 

 work the small wood panel appears, 

 sometimes with an inlay of col- 

 oured wood, and with gradually in- 



PANGENESIS 



fiWMing elaboration of the mul<l 

 ings of it* frame. Ceiling planter 

 panel* become correspor 

 rich. The uize of wood panel* was 

 greatly increased after the middle 

 of the 17th century, dev -lulling 

 during iu Utter part into th- I..M_- 

 oblong of the Palladian style, with 



nuch bolder roon: 



Italian* of the Renaissance pan- 

 elled both the inside and outeide of 

 their buildings with stone or 

 marble, and the use of these mate- 

 rials was adopted sometimes by 

 Christopher Wren (q.v.) in Knu- 

 land. The classic taste of Robert 

 Adam reduced the panel in the 

 18th century to more reasonable 

 proportions, especially in the treat- 

 ment of doors ; the moulding was 

 simplified, an-1 it became the 

 fashion to paint panels a white 

 or cream colour. See Ceiling; 

 Gibbons, Grinling ; Mahomedan 

 Art ; Mural Decoration. 



Pangani. Dist., river, and town 

 of E. Africa, inTanganyikaTerritory. 

 The dist. lies S. of the Tanga and 

 Wilhelmstal districts and N. of the 

 Bagamoyo district, and borders on 

 the E. upon the Indian Ocean. The 

 town is situated at the mouth of 

 the river and has a considerable 

 maritime trade. It was occupied 

 by a British naval force in August, 

 1916. The river is navigable over 

 considerable distances for small 

 craft. Pangani is also the name of 

 two Falls, one on the Pangani, 

 and the other on the Rufiji river, 

 below its junction with the Ruaha. 



Pangbourne. Village of Berk- 

 shire, England. It stands on 

 the Thames, 5 m. from Reading, 

 with a station on the G.W. Rly. 

 A small stream, the Pang, here 

 falls into the Thames. The church 

 is dedicated to S. James. In 1917 

 a college for training boys to become 

 officers in the mercantile marine 

 was opened here. Pop. 2,000. 



Pange Lingua (Lat. pangere, 

 to record; lingua, tongue). First 

 words, used as the name, of a Latin 

 hymn in honour of the Holy Eu- 

 charist. Composed by S. Thomas 

 Aquinas, it begins, Pange, lingua, 

 glorioai corporia mysterium (Now, 

 my tongue, the mystery telling Of 

 the glorious body, sing), and was 

 appointed for the feast of Corpus 

 Christi in the Sarum, Hereford, 

 York, Aberdeen, and Paris bre- 

 viaries. It was translated into 

 English by E. Caswall and J. M. 

 Neale. See Aquinas, Thomas ; 

 Corpus Christi ; Tantum Ergo. 



Pangenesis ( Gr. pan, all ; genesis, 

 generation). Theory of heredity 

 formulated by Darwin in 1868 as a 

 provisional hypothesis. It en- 

 deavoured to satisfy the claims of 

 the doctrine of Lamarck to the 

 effect that acquired character! 



