PAN-GERMANISM 



PANJANDRUM 



were transmitted to offspring. It 

 was an effort to understand how 

 characters could be continued from 

 one generation to another. Darwin 

 supposed that the cells composing 

 the tissues of the body gave off 

 minute portions of themselves 

 " gemmules," he termed them 

 and that these found their way to 

 the germinal area and constituted 

 the germ-plasm from which the 

 next generation was to spring. The 

 discovery of the actual continuity 

 of germ-plasm rendered this hypo- 

 thesis unnecessary. See Evolution ; 

 Heredity. 



Pan- Germanism (Ger. All- 

 deutschtum). German political 

 movement. The agitation for the 

 cooperation and ultimate political 

 union of the German populations 

 living under different governments 

 took definite shape through the 

 foundation of the Pan - German 

 Union (Alldeutscher Verband) in 

 1891. Its press organ was All- 

 deutsche Blatter. Based on the 

 ideas of Treitschke (q.v.), H. S. 

 Chamberlain (q.v.), and others, it 

 was mainly the work of chauvinis- 

 tic professors and literary men. 



Aided by anti-Semites, militarists, 

 and the advocates of colonial and 

 naval expansion, the Pan-Germans 

 aimed primarily at fostering the 

 sense of German nationality in 

 German Austria, the German dis- 

 tricts of Bohemia, Transylvania, 

 and Switzerland, and in parts of 

 America, especially S. Brazil, and 

 at maintaining German culture in 

 the Baltic provinces of Russia, 

 with a view to the eventual incor- 

 poration of these districts in the 

 German empire. They endeav- 

 oured further to arouse a sense of 

 racial solidarity with Germany in 

 the other Teutonic peoples of the 

 Continent, in Holland, Flanders, 

 and Scandinavia, as well as in 

 S. Africa. After the Austrian 

 revolution of 1918 the Great- 

 Germans, a Pan - German party 

 advocating union with Germany, 

 formed one of the three chief 

 parties in the Austrian parliament. 



Pangolin (Manis). Genus of 

 edentate mammals, occurring in S. 

 Asia and Africa. The pangolin is 

 from two to three ft. long, and its 

 body is somewhat like that of a 

 lizard in shape. Except about the 

 mouth and on the under parts, it 

 is entirely covered with large 

 horny scales ; and the feet are pro- 

 vided with strong and powerful 

 claws. No teeth are present, but 

 there are horny ridges on the 

 lower jaws; the tongue is long and 

 wormlike, as in the anteaters. The 

 pangolin rolls itself into a ball 

 when disturbed. 



The Asiatic pangolins, which 

 comprise three species, live in cre- 



vices of the rocks, and in long 

 burrows terminating in a chamber 

 sometimes as much as six ft. 

 across. The animals are strictly 

 nocturnal, and feed on termites. 

 There are four species in Africa. 

 They resemble the Asiatic species 

 in habits, but have a curious 

 method of resting on a tree -trunk 

 by clinging with the hind feet and 

 tail, while the body is thrown back 

 till it is nearly horizontal. 



Panick Grass (Panicum). 

 Large genus of grasses of the 

 natural order Gramineae. They 





Panick Grass. Leaves and flower 

 spray of Panicum miliaceum 



are mostly natives of the tropics, 

 but a few are widely distributed in 

 temperate regions. The flowers are 

 clustered in spikes or branching 

 sprays. Many of the species are 

 useful fodder grasses, and a few of 

 them yield grains large enough for 

 use as human food. P. miliaceum, 

 which yields Indian millet or 

 warree, is cultivated in S. Europe. 

 P. maximum of the W. Indies 

 attains a height of six to ten ft., 

 and another large species is the 

 Angola grass (P. spectabile) of 

 Brazil. Several species are grown 

 as ornamental grasses. 



Panicle (Lat. ). In botany, term 

 denoting the arrangement, of the 

 flowers in a raceme or spray with 

 branches, as in the oat. See In- 

 florescence. 



Panin, NIKITA IVANOVITCH, 

 COUNT (1718-83). Russian states- 

 man. Born at St. Petersburg, Sept. 



Pangolin. African species of the 

 lizard-like mammal 



26, 1718, he became a soldier and 

 was attached to the imperial guard 

 of the empress Elizabeth. Am- 

 bassador at Copenhagen, 1747, and 

 later at Stockholm, he became 

 governor to the young prince Paul 

 Petrovitch, 1760, and after the 

 accession of Catherine II was se- 

 lected by her as her chief minister, 

 1763. His administration was re- 

 sponsible for the war with Turkey, 

 , and the exchange of Holstein 

 for Oldenburg and Delmenhorst. 

 Catherine made him a count in 

 1767, but later he lost influence 

 with her. He died March 31, 1783. 



Panipat. Town of the Punjab, 

 India, in Karnal dist. It is situated 

 N. of Delhi, a few m. W. of the 

 Jumna. Decisive battles were 

 fought here in 1526, when Babar 

 (q.v.) triumphed; in 1556, when 

 a victory placed Akbar on the 

 throne of Delhi ; and in 1761, when 

 Ahmad Shah of Afghanistan de- 

 feated the Marathas. Pop. 26,300. 



Panixer. Alpine pass in 

 Switzerland. It connects cantons 

 Glarus and Grisons over the Todi 

 range, and leads E. of the Haus- 

 stock from the valley of the Sernf 

 to Panix on a small affluent of the 

 Vorder Rhine. Its alt. is 7,897 ft. 

 and the top is marked by two 

 tablets which record the retreat, 

 Oct. 5-10, 1799, of the Russians 

 under Suvorov. 



Panizzi, SIR ANTHONY (1797- 

 1879). Anglo-Italian scholar. 

 Born at Brescello, near Modena, 

 Sept. 16, 1797, 

 he was educa- 

 ted at Parma 

 University, and 

 practised as a 

 lawyer, but, 

 having joined 

 the Carbonari, 

 was arrested in 

 1822, and es- 

 caped to Eng- Sir Anthony Panizzi, 

 land. He taught Anglo-Italian scholar 

 Italian at Liverpool, but in 1828 

 Brougham secured his appoint- 

 ment as professor of Italian in 

 University College, London, and 

 three years later he was made an 

 assistant librarian at the British 

 Museum, and in 1856 principal 

 librarian. To him was due the 

 organization of the reading-room 

 and the great catalogue. He re- 

 tired in 1866, was made K.C.B. in 

 1869, and died April 8, 1879. He 

 edited the poems of Boiardo and 

 Ariosto. See Life, L. A. Fagan, 1880. 



Panjandrum. Nonsense word 

 made up by S. Foote, and occur- 

 ring in a fantastic composition 

 intended as a memory test. A 

 sentence frequently quoted is as 

 follows : And there were present 

 the Picninnies, and the Joblillies, 

 and the Garyulies, and the Grand 



