PANJIM 



B9B3 



PANSHANOCR 



Panjandrum hiniM-lf. with the 

 little ruiiinl hut (mi at top. I 

 tin- \vonl runic t<> IKJ used by 

 19th cent m v u liters as a syi. 



for any pict.-ml-r t,, undue im- 



e or fussy local magnate. 

 Panj.'m. Alternative name for 

 MM- I m!o Portuguese city of New 



Panka. Indian caste of weavers 

 ami cultivators, mostly in Bihar 

 ami Orissa, Central Pmvi noes, and 

 Madras prov. Nuinherin^ (1911) 

 796,97:{, including th.- 1'an. Panika, 

 ami 1'iino, live sixths are Kabir- 

 pant his, followers of Kabir's 15th- 

 century religious reformation. 



Pankhurst, CIIKISTAIIKL (b. 

 1880). British feminist. Daughter 

 ot Kuhard anil Kmtm-line 1'ank 

 hur-t . In- was educated at the High 

 School for Girls and Victoria Uni- 

 vciMt v. Mam-hcstcr, where in 1900 

 she took the LL. B. Refused admis- 

 sion to Lincoln's Inn as a law 

 student, she helped to organize 

 the Women's Social and Political 

 Union, and was imprisoned on 

 several occasions. In 1912, she 

 escaped to Paris, where she con- 

 tinued to direct the movement and 

 edit its organ, The Suffragette. 

 In 1914-15 she lectured in the 

 U.S A., and unsuccessfully con- 

 tested Smethwick in 1918. She 

 wrote The Great Scourge and 

 How to End It, 1913, and her life 

 story appeared serially in The 

 Weekly Dispatch, 1921. 



Pankhurst, EMMELINE. British 

 feminist. Born in Manchester, 

 daughter of Robert Goulden, she 

 was educated 

 in England and 

 Paris. In 1879 

 she married 

 Dr. Richard 

 Marsden Pank- 

 hurst, a barris 

 ter, and with 

 him helped to 

 found the 

 Women's Fran- 

 c h i s e League, 

 1889. She was 

 a poor law 

 guardian, and member of the school 

 board, Manchester, and on her 

 husband's death, in 1898, was ap- 

 pointed registrar of births, a post 

 she held until 1900. In 1903 she 

 founded the Women's Social and 

 Political Union. When militant 

 methods took the place of peaceful 



Eropaganda, Mrs. Pankhurst was 

 eld responsible for them, and she 

 was several times imprisoned. She 

 published My Own Story, 1914. 

 See Franchise ; Suffrage ; Vote. 



Pankhurst, SYLVIA (b. 1882). 

 British socialist. Sister of 

 Christabel Pankhurst (q.v.), and 

 sharing in her family's agitation for 

 woman suffrage, she lectured in the 



Emmeline Pank- 



burst, British 



feminist 



Elliott * fru 



U.S.A.. I'.H I, iii h.' h M-ar ap- 



nf tin- iiuiM -nil-lit dtiim. 1 I '.''.- I" 



she joined Id. extreme 



ity, and i-dit<-<| the 



r pub- 



li*hinir article* in it calculated to 



li.sjifTi-rtii.il and 



was sentenced to six months' im- 

 prisonment in 1921. 

 Panna. Native state and town 



t I 'riitral India, in l'.:ind<-lkhand. 



to I <n in In and 



Jnhhulpore British (list., and 

 Kothi, and other native states. 

 The town is 105 m. N 

 ,1 nl. I. ul| I. ire, and contains several 

 modern Hindu temples. Formerly 

 diamonds were mined in the 

 locality. The area of the state is 

 2,492 sq. m. Pop., state, 193.000 ; 

 town. 12,000. 



Panne, LA. Town of Belgium, 

 in the prov. of W. Flanders. It is 

 4J m. from Furnes, and is a noted 

 bathing resort. During the Great 

 War it was slightly damaged by 

 German air raids, and here the 

 king and queen of the Belgians 

 lived during that period, the queen 

 serving as a nursing sister in a field 

 hospital. Pop. 4,300. 



Panning. Process of recovering 

 gold from sand or crushed ore by 

 means of the pan, the most primi- 

 tive mining appliance. The pan is 

 a flat dish of almost any form ; 

 that used by the old Australian 

 miners was flat-bottomed and of 

 iron, but that used in many other 

 parts, particularly in Central and 

 South America 1 , is slightly coned. 

 It is a necessary part of a 

 gold prospector's outfit. The 

 miner puts into it some auriferous 

 sand, the pay dirt, breaking up the 

 lumps, and then he dips the pan 

 under water, a gentle running 

 stream by preference, and gives it 

 a peculiar rotative, vibratory 

 motion, by which the lighter dirt 

 is washed over the lip, leaving the 

 heavier grains carrying the gold in 

 the bottom. See Gold ; Mining. 



Pannonia . 

 Province of the 

 Roman empire. 

 It lay between 

 the Alps and the 

 Danube, from a 

 point above the 

 modern Vienna 

 t<> r.rl-radr. and 

 embraced a large 

 part of the 

 present Austria, 

 Hungary, and 

 Yn^o-Siavia. Its 

 people. \\ ho seem 

 to have been of 

 Illyrian race, 

 first de- 

 feated, about 30 

 B.C., by Vibius, 



OIH- of the general* of Octavianus. 



joined the great revolt of 



'.i. hi<h ended in the re- 



I'annonia to a Roman 



. In 1 1)2 it was divided 



into two provinces. Upper and 



Pannonia. 



Panorama (<>r. pan, all; 

 horama, sight). Term for a piet un- 

 living views of object* in all direc- 

 tion*. A panoramic dUplay, which 

 was in a sense the predecessor of 

 tli< < uiematograph, was a picture 

 representing a number of scenes 

 winch panned in succession before 

 thc:iudi'-nc'-. s Cinematography. 



Panos. Family of 8. American 

 Indian tribes of allied speech. 

 Mostly in the Pampa del Sacra- 

 mento, Peru, they are a branch 

 of the Carat>, once dominant in 

 Ecuador. They have dwindled into 

 a small mission settlement. 



Pans. In geology, hard layers 

 formed by the consolidation of 

 loose material at a depth of four 

 or more inches below the surface 

 of the soil. They interfere with 

 drainage, and decrease fertility. 

 A pan simply consisting of har- 

 dened clay is known as a 

 plough sole, and may be caused 

 by continuous ploughing of heavy 

 land. In lighter soils the pan 

 is formed by infiltration of 

 various substances in solution, 

 these being deposited and acting 

 like cement. A distinction is thus 

 made between moor- bed pan 

 (organic cement), iron pan (ferric 

 oxide), and limy pan (carbonate of 

 lime). Pans require breaking up 

 by subsoiling or deep ploughing. 



Panshanger. Seat of Baron 

 Queenborough, in Hertfordshire, 

 England. It stands in a park of 

 about 900 acres, between Hatfield 

 and Ware, 1J m. from Cole Green 

 station on the G.N.R. The house, 

 begun by Peter, 3rd Earl Cowper, 

 in 1801, and partly burned in 1855, 

 is notable for its picture gallery. 

 The park, famous for its timber, is 

 watered by the Maran. It was the 



Pansbanger. Hertfordshire. South front of the country 

 mansion ol Baron Queenborough 



10 7 



