PANSLAVISM 



PANTHEON 



seat of Earl Cowper until 1905 ; 

 then it passed to Lady Des borough. 

 It was later bought by Lord 

 Queenborough. During the Great 

 War German prisoners were in- 

 terned here. 



Panslavism. Movement to 

 promote fraternity and coopera- 

 tion between the Slavonic peoples. 

 A common Slavonic consciousness 

 hardly existed before the 19th cen- 

 tury, but was promoted by the part 

 played by Russia in defeating Napo- 

 leon I, and especially by the Russian 

 occupation of Prague in 1813, when 

 Czechs and Russians fraternised. 

 In the following years the Slavs of 

 Austria were drawn together by 

 government oppression. Congresses 

 were held at Prague in 1848 and at 

 Moscow in 1867. 



Russia's role as the protector 

 and liberator of the Slavs was set 

 forth by N. Danilovsky in his 

 book, Russia and Europe, in 1869. 

 She gained a strong following in 

 the Balkans, but aroused the 

 suspicion of the Bulgars, as well 

 as of the liberal Panslavists of 

 Central Europe, while the Poles 

 throughout remained steadily 

 hostile to the movement. Pan- 

 slavism was also hampered by the 

 antipathy between the Greek and 

 Roman Churches and by many 

 international jealousies. The Bal- 

 kan League of 1912 was a short- 

 lived triumph of Panslavism. A 

 greater impetus was given by the 

 alliance of all the Slav peoples 

 except th3 half -Turanian Bulgars 

 in the Great War, and the libera- 

 tion of the Yugo-Slavs, Czecho- 

 slovaks, and Poles, but the Russian 

 revolution caused new compli- 

 cations. See Balkan League ; 

 Russia ; Slav. 



Pansy ( Viola tricolor). Peren- 

 nial herb of the natural order 

 Violaceae. It is a native of 

 Europe, N. Africa, and N. and 

 W. Asia. The leaves in general 

 form are oblong, or lance-shaped, 

 but variously lobed and cut. 

 The flowers are purple, whitish, 

 or yellow, or a varied mixture 

 of the three colours. The number 

 of named varieties is enormous, 

 and every year sees additions. 

 They do well in almost any gar- 

 den soil, but the best results are 

 obtained by planting deeply in a 

 well-drained sandy loam, enriched 

 with stable or cow manure. 

 Special varieties can be propa- 

 gated only by means of cuttings 

 and divisions of the old plants, 

 made at the end of the flowering 

 season (Aug. or Sept.), and given 

 slight protection during the winter. 

 The word pansy is derived from 

 the French pensee, thought. Alter- 

 native names are heartsease and 

 love-in-idleness. 



Pantagruel. Giant and king of 

 the Dipsodes in Rabelais' Life of 

 Gargantua and the Heroic Deeds of 

 Pantagruel. He is the son of Gar- 

 gantua, and his name is explained 

 as signifying all-thirsty. 



Pantaloon (Ital. Pantaleone, a 

 saint popular in Venice). Ridicul- 

 ous old Venetian bourgeois in the 

 Italian comedy, or Commedia dell' 

 Arte (q.v. ). Sometimes he was an 

 old bachelor, but generally he was 

 married to an unfaithful young 

 wife or was the father of trouble- 

 some young daughters. Columbine 

 was very often his daughter, and 

 Harlequin was sometimes his 

 lackey. Lean and slippered, 

 as Shakespeare called him, 

 Pantaloon wore the skin-tight 

 trousers all of one piece named 

 after him, and a long gaberdine, 

 originally red, but changed to black 

 when Venice lost Negroponte, and 

 the whole city put on mourning. 

 In modern English pantomime he 

 is a butt for the practical jokes 

 of harlequin and clown. See Col- 

 umbine ; Harlequin ; Pantomime. 



Pauteg OR PANTEAGUE. Urban 

 dist. of Monmouthshire, England. 

 It is 2 m. from Pontypool, on the 

 G.W. Rly. S. Mary's is the chief 

 church. The inhabitants are largely 

 employed in the ironworks and 

 coal mines. Pop. 10,000. 



Pantelleria. Volcanic island of 

 the Mediterranean. Situated 60 m. 

 from Sicily and 40 m. from N. 

 Africa, it has 

 an area of 32 

 sq m., be- 

 longs to Italy, 

 and is in 

 eluded within 

 the Sicilian 

 prov. of Tra- 

 pani. It rises 

 in an extinct 

 crater, Mon- 

 tagna Grande, 

 to 2,740 ft.; 

 numerous 

 fumaroles 

 and hot 



Pantaloon, in Eng- 

 lish pantomime 



Flowers oi common yellow 

 top, two-coloured variety 



springs exist ; 

 in 1891 a sub- 

 marine erup- 

 tion occurred 

 3 m. to the 

 N.W. Raisins 

 and figs are 

 produced, and 

 fishing is en- 

 gaged in. There 

 is an Italian 

 penal colony on 

 the island. 

 Round towers, 

 known as Sesi, 

 betoken a pre- 

 historic popu- 

 lation. It was 

 colonised by 

 the Phoenic- 

 ians, and cap- 

 tured bv Rome 

 in217if.c. The 

 Christian i n- 

 habitants were 

 e x te rminated 

 by the Arabs 

 about 700. 

 Pop. 10,000. 

 Panthay. Burmese name for 

 Chinese Mahomedans, especially 

 in Yunnan. Calling themselves 

 Hui-hui, they are presumably de- 

 scendants of medieval Tartar 

 soldiery. Official oppression led in 

 1855 to a rebellion under Tu Wen- 

 hsiu, who was proclaimed sultan, 

 1867, but overthrown, 1873. Pan- 

 thay muleteers serve the caravan 

 trade between Burma and China. 



Pantheism (Gr pin, all ; theos, 

 god). The doctrine which affirm? 

 the unity of the Deity with the 

 world. Pantheism has received 

 different names according to its 

 attitude towards the relation of 

 individual things to the absolute. 

 Acosmism denies the existence of a 

 universe as distinct from God ; 

 emanationism explains all things 

 as flowing out from the Deity, of 

 whom they form part ; Krause's 

 panentheism teaches that all 

 things are in God. 



A fundamental part of much 

 ancient Indian philosophy, Panthe- 

 ism appears in the Greek Eleatic 

 and Neoplatonic systems, and in 

 many Christian mystics from the 

 .so-called Dionysius the Areopagite 

 onwards. It was taught by Bruno 

 and other Italians of the Renais- 

 sance, and by many of the German 

 Idealists. It is most completely 

 developed in the philosophy of 

 Spinoza. See God ; Spinoza. 



Pantheon (Gr. pantheion, {je- 

 longing to all the gods). Temple 

 in Rome, now a church. One of the 

 most celebrated of ancient "Roman 

 buildings that still survive, it was 

 built by Hadrian between A.D. 120- 

 1 30. An early temple near the site 

 was built by Agrippa in 27 B.C., 



