Pasquale Paqli, 

 Corsican patriot 



PAOLO ^^^ 



at Naples, where his father com- 

 manded a regiment of Corsican 

 exiles. In 1755 Pasquale was 

 offered the su- 

 preme power in 

 Corsica, where 

 he consoli- 

 dated the Cor- 

 sicans by mak- 

 ing vendettas 

 unlawful, and 

 provided a 

 generous con- 

 stitution. 

 When, in 1768, 

 Corsica was ceded by Genoa to 

 France, Paoli offered a fierce 

 resistance, but he was compelled 

 to leave the island with 350 

 followers on a British frigate, 

 June 12, 1769. He settled in 

 London, received a pension, and 

 joined the circle of Dr. Johnson. 

 By a vote of the National Assembly 

 of France, Nov. 30, 1789, he was 

 allowed to return to Corsica, which 

 he again governed. He defied the 

 French, and British troops were 

 sent to his aid, in return for which 

 he handed over the sovereignty 

 of Corsica to George III. The 

 British evacuated it in 1796. Paoli 

 returned to London, 1795, and died 

 there Feb. 5, 1807. See Corsica. 



5956 



Paolo and Francesca (d. 



1285). Lovers celebrated by Dante, 

 who meets them in the second 

 circle of Hell (Inferno, v). Giovanni 

 Malatesta of Rimini, who was lame 

 and ugly, received from the lord of 

 Ravenna, as a reward for his 

 military services, the hand of his 

 beautiful daughter, Francesca 

 (q.v.). She loved his brother 

 Paolo, and was surprised with 

 him by her husband, who slew 

 them both. The story is the sub- 

 ject of a tragedy by Stephen 

 Phillips, produced March 6, 1902, 

 at the St. James's Theatre, Lon- 

 don, where it ran for 136 perform- 

 ances. Henry Ainley played 

 Paolo ; George Alexander, Mala- 

 testa ; Elizabeth Robins, Lucrezia ; 

 and Evelyn Millard, Francesca. 

 See Francesca. 



Papa. Latin form of the Greek 

 pappns or papas, father. In 

 origin and in ordinary usage the 

 word is a child's name for father. 

 It was an early title of bishops, e.g. 

 S. Jerome refers to S. Cyprian as 

 Bealisaimux papa. Since the time 

 of Gregory VII (1073-85) it has 

 been claimed as the prescriptive 

 title of the bishop of Rome. In 

 the Greek Church the word denotes 

 a priest. See Pope. 



THE PAPACY: HISTORICAL OUTLINE 



Canon W. F. Barry, D.D., Author of The Papal Monarchy 



This article is supplemented by one on the Roman Catholic Church. 



See also the biographies of the Popes and the entries on the Councils ; 



also Curia ; Investiture ; Pope ; Rome ; Vatican, etc. 



No dynasty of rulers or law- 

 givers teft standing in Europe to- 

 day is as old as the papacy ; none, 

 perhaps, in the world except that 

 of Japan. In 

 legal d oc u- 

 ments issuing 

 from his court 

 the pope is 

 termed bishop 

 of Rome, suc- 

 cessor of S. 

 Peter, Pontifex 

 Maximus and 

 Vicar of Christ. 

 He holds many 

 more titles, but 

 they all flow 



Papacy, shield on 

 which each pope em- 

 blazons his arms 



from one ; for he is the Roman Father, 

 emphatically such, and this Virgilian 

 appellation (Aeneid ix, 449) pre- 

 figures an empire without end, 

 visible in its throne of majesty, but 

 something higher still, because the 

 gift of Heaven. If S. Peter was 

 prince of the Apostles, yet im- 

 perial Caesar was head of the 

 college of Pontiffs, a priest who 

 could offer sacrifice and edit or in- 

 terpret the Sibylline books. This 

 very ancient mingling of attri- 

 butes in a priest-king was 

 familiar to Jews and Christians, 

 who venerated Melchizedek, king 



of Salem, priest of the Most 

 High God. 



The Apostle Peter came to 

 Rome, according to tradition, in 

 A.D. 42, and in whatever year he 

 suffered martyrdom, it is certain 

 that his Confession became a place 

 of pilgrimage from all parts of the 

 empire, as Caius the priest bears 

 witness at the beginning of the 

 3rd century. Reference to the good 

 Apostles in S. Clement's epistle, 

 about A.D. 94, and an implication 

 of their heroic end, confirm the 

 association of Peter and Paul with 

 Roman Christianity ; but succes- 

 sion to the bishopric is never de- 

 rived from the teacher of the Gen- 

 tiles. In the earliest catalogues of 

 the popes a slight derangement 

 leaves the chief links secure. There 

 is no question among scholars of 

 best repute that Peter died in 

 Rome, where he had exercised 

 supreme authority, and had desig- 

 nated Linus or Clement to succeed 

 him as bishop. 



Need for a Universal Religion 



When Nero put to death an 

 immense multitude of Christians 

 in A.D. 64, the new and spiritual 

 Rome, which was to rise upon the 

 ruin of republic and empire, cele- 

 brated her birthday. When, again, 



PAPACY 



Titus destroyed Jerusalem, its pre- 

 rogatives could not fail to be trans- 

 ferred elsewhere ; and what city 

 enjoyed an equal greatness with 

 the world's capital, sanctified by 

 the memories of Peter and Paul ? 

 Moreover, the unity of the empire 

 demanded a universal religion 

 which might absorb or supersede 

 the many local gods, rites, and 

 temples in East and West. From 

 Egypt came the Isis worship, from 

 Persia that of Mithras ; both were 

 tried by large numbers, only to be 

 found wanting ; and the field lay 

 open to Christianity, which in- 

 herited the promises made to Juda- 

 ism, while divesting them of its 

 burdensome restrictions. 



Identification with Rome 



From S. Clement to S. Sylvester 

 90-313, the movement went for- 

 ward, quickened by the " ten per- 

 secutions " : for, as Tertullian knew. 

 " the blood of martyrs is the seed 

 of the Church." At last Caesar 

 made terms with Peter ; the great 

 Constantino saw victory in the 

 Cross and wove it into his standard. 

 Jupiter Capitolinus abdicated ; the 

 Vatican became, in S. Jerome's 

 language, the " Roman height " ; 

 a fresh capital was set up on the 

 shores of the Bosporus ; and the 

 heirs of Augustan Rome quitted 

 the Tiber, to which they never re- 

 turned, A.D. 324. From now on, the 

 papacy and the most sacred of 

 world cities were identified in fact 

 as in idea. Old R.ome had civilized 

 the West ; it fell to the lot of a 

 better dynasty to convert the bar- 

 barians, to make the future Chris- 

 tian, and to plant foundations on 

 which European culture, instinct 

 with principles taught in the Gos- 

 pel, should prove itself to be the 

 dominant power above mankind. 



When the Iconoclast emperors 

 lost their hold on Central Italy, 

 the popes were acclaimed deliver- 

 ers of Rome, and the temporal 

 power, as it is called, began. 

 " Their noblest title," wrote Gib- 

 bon, " is the free choice of a 

 people whom they had redeemed 

 from slavery." They could not yet 

 rescue Spain from the Saracens ; 

 but on Christmas Day, 800, Leo 

 III crowned Charlemagne in S. 

 Peter's and created the Holy 

 Roman Empire, of which a far-off 

 shadow flitted away in the 

 disappearance of its Austrian 

 successor. The popes made the 

 French monarchy ; they con- 

 verted Ireland, Britain, Central 

 Europe, Poland, Bohemia, and 

 Russia by their missionaries Pat- 

 rick, Augustine, Boniface, Cyril, 

 and Methodius ; they resisted the 

 Franconian and Hohenstaulen em- 

 perors, who would have made the 

 Church a department of state ; and 



