PAPAL STATES 



3987 



tl|C\ I" . Illlt -U/. Lull-..) . '.. I \ kill.' 



lorn in tin- Went except France. 



The holy war againtt Main mi 

 edans revealed the same spmt 

 armed for but t If. h it be^m with 

 the conquest of Jerusalem in 1099, 

 it ih. I not oeaae until 17'JO. imd< -r 

 Clement XI ; iiinl it r, m. tins the 

 great Christian epic. Tin- t'eMuine 

 .Middle AL-CS ciime tn mi end when 

 the 14th century op.-ned with u 

 fatal dispute between I'lnlip tin- 

 l-'aii ot 1'niiH-e und Honifuce VIII 

 No century bus been m< re disas- 

 troua to the papacy, captive at 



n for M-\enty yai 

 by tlic (in-lit Srliisiii.luiiiii4aiK.tlnT 



duty. The council lit ( 'oiistance 



(1414 17), which reston-d visible 

 unity. \i>ti-d by nations instead of 

 by Invbops ; und our modern world 

 stood at the di-i>r. 



RenaUsance and Reformation 

 In 1453 the Turks captmvil 

 Constantinople. All that we under- 

 stand by culture fled to the \\ '. 

 and Rome took to herself the 

 glorious task of Athens. A brilliant 

 era came in, with learning, luxury, 



ram l.i I-. catastrophe in its train 

 Luther's revolt and the sack of 

 Home. The whole North fell away. 

 Kngland struck out a line of her 

 own ; Scotland obeyed John Knox, 

 who obeyed Calvin. Then Ignatius 

 of Loyola founded the Jesuits, and 

 Rome got back one-half of what 

 she had lost ; but the Thirty 

 Years' War, ending in 1648, drew 

 a line which has never been altered 

 since. The last of the great popes 

 were Julius II, Pius V, and Sixtus V. 



The principle of nationality, 

 which was to make Italy free and 

 united, ruled throughout the 19th 

 century. The pope's temporal 

 power fell before it. On Sept. 20, 

 1870, the Porta Pia was blown 

 open by Italian guns ; a plebiscite 

 followed, and Rome began to fill 

 the part of a secular capital. The 

 Vatican was left to S. Peter. Yet 

 in Leo XIII a great pope became 

 once more visible, who could com- 

 pel Prince Bismarck to kneel in 

 spirit at Canossa. The Vatican 

 Council had brought together bish- 

 ops from every region of the 

 globe ; and papa! infallibility 

 was proclaimed sixty-three days 

 before Rome capitulated. 



For hundreds of years the papacy 

 had been overlord of Europe, con- 

 trolling the two swords, spiritual 

 and temporal. It is now the head 

 of a world-wide voluntary associa- 

 tion, which wields no sword but 

 its faith, and which owes nothing 

 to secular governments. The pope 

 is guardian of a temple not made 

 with hands ; in this light, at least, 

 three hundred millions of Catholics 

 regard him. His effective influence, 

 at present, is more extensive than 



in any f.-nm i .1 _!, being lean ham 



and Miin-li IH..M- dun t in urtiun. 



llililiniiriiiihy. I 



U Allies. 1805- 

 7fl ; Cull:. 'In- Cbiireli ttml ('). 

 Slul, ' .- tii-.r li. r. 1876 ; 



I. Him ( 'Imsl iiiml > . 11 II. Milinun. 

 1883 ; Chapter* in Ruropoan I UK- 

 \\. s |.,ll\ !>,*; HiBtory 

 i.i ili.- I'.. p.s. I. v. I'ufltor, 1891- 



IlIlL' ; History Ol K..IIII-. 



gorovniH, us. A. 



Hamilton. 1MI4 IW2 ; Hi- 

 tln- Pii|im-y. M. ('icitihton. 1897: 



Papaw trees, laden with Iruit 



Ave Roma Immortulis, F. M. Craw- 

 ford, 1898 ; Renaissance Types, 

 VV. S. Lilly. 1901 ; The Papal Mon- 

 archy, \V. F. Barry, 1902 ; Lives of 

 the Popes in the Early Middle Ages, 

 H. K. Mann. 1902-10 ; The Holy 

 Roman Empire, James Bryco, 

 rov. ed. 1904 ; History of the Popes, 

 L. v. Ranke, Eng. trans. E. Foster, 

 1908 ; The Papacy and Modern 

 Times, \V. F. Barry, 1911 : and the 

 Catholic Encyclopedia. 



Papal States OR STATES OF THE 

 CHURCH. Name given to the Italian 

 territories which were under the 

 temporal sovereignty of the popes. 

 Differing at different periods, they 

 generally formed a solid strip of 

 territory running across Italy and 

 bounded N.W. and N. by Tuscany, 

 Modena, and the Po, and S.E. by 

 the kingdom of Naples, the nucleus 

 being the Roman patrimony of S. 

 Peter and the exarchate of Raven 

 na, extorted from the Lombard 

 kingdom by Pepin and given by him 

 to Pope Stephen II in 755. 



Through the Middle Ages the 

 regions in which the pope was 

 able to exercise temporal KWG 

 reignty varied greatly, rein lung 

 their maximum under Innocent 

 III at the beginning of the 13th 

 century. From the Kith to the 19th 

 century they did not substantially 

 vary, except during tin- Napoleonic 

 ascendancy, until in 1SOO a large 

 portion attached itself to the new 

 kingdom of Italy, by which the 

 remnant was absorbed in 1870. The 

 different districts in the Papal 

 States have borne different names 



.it different timi ; but tin 

 >.f Bologna, Ferrara. Ancona, 

 i, I'll, m,,. I'.oinagna, and 

 others occur at almort all period*. 

 tiee Italy ; Papacy. 



Papaveraceae. Name given 

 to tin poppy family. It form* a 

 natural order of herb* and a few 

 small shrubs with milky or col- 

 oured juice, chiefly natives of the 

 N. temperate regions. They have 

 alternate leaves, and the flower- 

 buds hang on their stalks. There 

 are only two sepals, which are 

 thrown off when the crumpled, 

 silky four petals expand. The seed- 

 eapsule is either like the familiar 

 poppy bead of the druggist*' shops, 

 openiii" when ripe by windows 

 beneath the eaves of its broad roof 

 to release tne innumerable small 

 weds, or is a long, slender cylinder 

 opening by a long valve on each 

 side. Papaver aomniferum yields 

 opium from it- milky juice; its 

 seeds, which are not narcotic, are 

 t he maw- seed of the bird-fancier. 

 See Opium ; Poppy. 



Papaw (Car tea papaya). Small 

 evergreen tree of the natural order 

 Papayaceae. A native of S. 

 America, it has large, alternate, 

 seven-lobed leaves, the segments 

 themselves being deeply lobed. 

 The greenish flowers are either 

 male or female, and the two kinds 

 are often on separate trees. The 

 dingy, orange-coloured fruit is an 

 elongated oval nearly a foot long, 

 with fleshy gourd-like rind enclos- 

 ing five rows of small black seeds. 

 It is eaten after being boiled 

 or pickled. It yields the proteid- 

 ferment papain. 



Papeete. Capital and seaport of 

 the Society Islands. Situated on 

 the N.W coast of Tahiti, it con- 

 tains the residence of the French 

 governor. Pop. 3,600. 



Papen, FRANZ VON. German 

 agent In 1914 he was mili- 

 tary attache at the German em- 

 bassy in Wash- 

 ington, holding 

 the rank of 

 captain. When 

 the Great War 

 broke out he 

 became one of 

 the most ac- 

 tive and un- 

 scrupulous of 

 German agents 

 in America, 

 and along with 

 Karl Boy Ed (q.v.) and K. T. 

 Dumba (q.v.), organized plots to 

 impede the output of munitions for 

 the Allies. He was incriminated 

 in the plot to destroy the Welland 

 canal. His guilt was proved in 

 the trial of the Hamburg- Amerika 

 officials in New York, Nov., 1915, 

 and he was recalled, Dec., 1915. 



Franz von Papen, 

 German agent 



