PAPER 



Paper, SIZM or. TVrm for the 

 dimensions of printing, wiitm.' 



.'. and lirowil |>il|MTH. Of 



punting |i.i|M-r there are 



tlolll fool- 



i:;i ins., to double | 



: of \\ tit inn and draw- 



!/(, varying from 



by 12J tn.,toem|H-ror, 



TL' ins l.\ 48 ins.; and of brown 



papers ci_:lit >i/.-s, which riinire from 



Kent IMP. Jl ins. by 18 ins., to 



MIS. by :Hi ins. 

 Paperhanging. Act uf covering 



walls with wall|i:i|irr. Stani|x-d 

 .HIM- from Molliind in the 

 Itith century, and in the 18th 

 century papcrim,' began steadily to 

 supersede ]ianelliii'. r . A piece of 

 KiiL'lish wall|ia]KT is li' \ ds. long 

 by:.'! ins w ide. and contains 63 sq. 

 ich ami Aineiican pieces are 

 smaller. Kelief. embossed, and 

 leather or textile wall -coverings 

 vary in width from 10 ins. to -'5 ft. 

 New walls are prepared for paper- 

 ing by glasspapering the surface to 

 make it even, and by washing and 

 sizing to promote adhesion. 



For the hanging of ordinary 

 papers, a stiff paste made of 

 wheat or rye flour is commonly 

 The addition of a little 

 formalin or carbolic acid to flour 

 paste prevents decomposition. Glue 

 paste is used for heavy fabrics, into 

 which, to secure adhesion, thin 

 tacks are half-driven for easy 

 removal when the work is dry. 

 Points demanding special care in 

 paperhanging are : To match the 

 pieces so that the pattern shall not 

 be mutilated ; at projecting or 

 recessed corners to cut the paper so 

 that no more than half an inch or so 

 shall turn the corner, and to work 

 aw ay from a window, so that over- 

 lapping edges do not face the light. 



Paper Money. In the fullest 

 sense, all written documents that 

 are promises to pay money and 

 that serve as substitutes for actual 

 coin. It includes, therefore, not 

 only the banknotes and the cur- 

 rency notes of the United King- 

 dom, and similar forms of cur- 

 rency elsewhere, but also cheques, 



30C1 



postal and ; r. bill* of 



and even promissory 



ury bills, etc. In a 



narrower flence.it ia used for bank 



and currency notes only. 



Paper money is divided into 



t A . da***, convertible that can 



hanged on demand for gold 



and inconvertible, that cannot. 

 ne of convertible paper cur- 

 rency in usually a safe and econotni- 

 cal financial operation, as it repre- 

 sents an actual increase of gold; 

 but the issue of inconvertible paper 

 money on a large scale is highly 

 dangerous to financial stability, 

 and has led to serious financial 

 crises, as at the time of the French 

 Revolution, and in Russia under 

 the Bolshevists. 



The enormous issue of paper 

 money in the United Kingdom 

 after the outbreak of the Great 

 War contributed largely to the 

 serious rise in prices. 



During the five war years all 

 the principal countries of the 

 world made paper money in enor- 

 mous quantities, as the following 

 table shows : 



PAPHOS 



scarlet fruits much like a mul- 

 berry in shape, but without 

 flavour. The inner bark is beaten 

 into pulp to make paper in 

 and Japan, and in the South Sea 

 Islands into a kind of clth. 

 Paper Reed (Cyjxnu papynu). 

 ual sedge of the natural 

 ^^^_~ order Cyperaceae. A 

 native of Eg\ 

 has triangular flower 

 ing stems, three to 

 twelve feet high, 

 from whose summit 

 is produced the spike 

 of flowers ringed by 

 ; whorls of bracts. See 

 Paj 



Paphlagonia. An- 

 cient country of Asia 

 Minor. On the Black 

 Sea, it lay between 

 P o n t u s on 

 j the E. and 

 Bithynia on 

 the\V. It was 

 a mountain- 

 ous area, and 

 its capital was Gangra. After 

 having been part of the kingdom of 



Paper Reed. Stem 

 with flowering spike 



PAPER MONEY CIRCULATION BEFORE AND AFTER THE GREAT WAR 



Paper Mulberry. Leaves and pen- 

 dulous clusteri ot male flowers 



As the reserve of gold of the 

 state banks in the same period had 

 only increased from 575,000,000 to 

 1,106,000,000, it follows that the 

 proportion of gold to paper had 

 fallen heavily. 1 of English gold 

 money is worth in American gold 

 money $4*86$, a value fixed by 

 the respective mint laws of the two 

 countries. There can be no change 

 in the gold price of the English 

 gold sovereign except by law, but 

 the value of the English paper 

 pound, so long as it N ineonvcrtiole 

 into gold on demand, fluctuates 

 according to the supply of paper 

 pounds. .S' (Credit; Money; Pi ice-. 



Paper Mulberry (Broussonetia 

 papyri/era). Small tree of the 

 natural order Urticaceae. A native 

 of China, it has hairy egg-shaped 

 The greenish flowers have 

 the sexes distinct on separate 

 trees, the males in catkin-like 

 clusters, the females in a round 

 head. The latter are succeeded by 



Croesus, it passed under the rule of 

 the Persian kings, but it evidently 

 enjoyed a considerable measure of 

 independence, while Greeks made 

 settlements on the coast. The 

 eastern portion next became part 

 of the domains of the kini: of 

 Pontus, and remained so until t he- 

 power of Mithradates was destroyed 

 by the Romans, who included it in 

 the province of Bithynia. 



Paphos. Two ancient towns 

 on the W. coast of the island ot 

 ('\prus. Old Paphos (mod. Kuk- 

 lia), about a mile from the sea, and 

 originally a Phoenician colony, was 

 famous for itfi worship of Aphrodite. 

 who was said to have landed here 

 after her birth from the sea foam 

 Remains of the wall of the temple 

 i in her honour still exist. 

 New Paphos (mod. Baffo), about 

 7 m. to the W. and more inland, 

 became one of the seats of the 

 administration of the island in 

 Roman times. See Cyprus. 



