PAPIAS 



Papias (c. 60-135). Apostolic 

 father. He was of Phrygian birth, 

 and is said to have become bishop 

 of Hierapolis. The statements 

 that he was associated with S. John 

 and S. Polycarp, and that he was 

 martyred, have been disproved. 

 He is important as the author of 

 an Exposition of the Oracles of 

 the Lord, of which only fragments 

 are extant, which tells us that S. 

 Matthew wrote the Sayings of 

 Christ in Hebrew, and that S. 

 Mark's Gospel consists of the re- 

 collections of S. Peter. 



Papier Mache (Fr., pulped 

 paper). Paper pulp compressed 

 and moulded and used in the manu- 

 facture of various articles. Many 

 kinds of paper may be pulped 

 together for the coarser kinds of 

 papier mache with some added 

 earthy material, and glue or 

 resinous matter to help to bind it. 

 This composition is then rolled 

 into thick sheets, which are mould- 

 ed and pressed to the requisite 

 shape and dried, after which the 

 article can be decorated with 

 enamel, paint, or inlaying. Trays, 

 boxes, masks, and even light furni- 

 ture are made of papier mache, 

 which is used for stereotyping, also 

 for pilaster work and other decora- 

 tions. See Pulp. 



Papilloxna. Tumour more or 

 less elongated in shape. Warts ( q. v. ) 

 and polypi are common forms. 



Papin, DENIS (1647-1712). 

 French physicist. Born Aug. 22, 

 1647, at Blois, France, he became 

 assistant to Huygens in Paris' in 

 his experiments with the air pump, 

 into which he introduced im- 

 provements. He visited England, 

 became a member of the Royal 

 Society, and in 1690 constructed 

 the first steam engine with a piston, 

 applying his invention to a paddle- 

 wheel boat. He invented the safety 

 valve, and showed that the boiling 

 points of liquids depended upon 

 the pressures to which they were 

 subjected. He died in London. 

 See Growth of the Steam Engine, 

 R. H. Thurston, 5th ed. 1895. 



Papineau, Louis JOSEPH (1786- 

 1871). Canadian politician. Born 

 at Montreal, Oct. 7, 1786, and 

 educated at 

 Quebec, he be- 

 came a lawyer 

 and in 1808 a 

 member of 

 the house of 

 assembly of 

 Lower Can- 

 ada. In 1815 

 he was made 

 Speaker, and 

 in 1820 a 

 member of the executive council, 

 on which he sat for three years. 

 Papineau, as the leader of the 



5962 



French Canadians, was prominent 

 in desiring drastic changes in the 

 methods of government, and in 

 opposing the suggested union of 

 the two Canadas. Embittered by 

 failure to carry his reforms, he 

 became actively hostile to the 

 British government, and in 1837 

 led a rebellion. This failed and 

 Papineau fled to the U.S.A., being 

 declared a rebel, and did not take 

 part in the further course of the 

 rising in 1838. In 1839 he went 

 to Paris, but in 1847 a general 

 amnesty was proclaimed and he 

 returned to Canada. Elected to 

 the legislature, until 1864 he 

 took part in public life. He died 

 Sept. 24, 1871. See Papineau - 

 Cartier, A. B. de Celles, 1905. 



Pappenheim, GOTTFRIED HEIN- 

 RICH, COUNT VON (1594-1632). 

 Bavarian soldier. He fought under 

 Sigismund against the Poles, and 

 joined the Catholic League, 1620. 

 He was one of the chief imperial 

 leaders of the Thirty Years' War 

 (q.v. ). After Tilly's death he served 

 with Wallenstein, and at the battle 

 of Lutzen fell wounded, dying at 

 Leipzig, Nov. 17, 1632. 



Papua. British territory in S.E. 

 New Guinea. In 1828 the Dutch 

 proclaimed possession over New 

 Guinea, W. of 141 E. In 1883 

 Queensland annexed the rest of the 

 island, but this action was re- 

 pudiated by the imperial govern- 

 ment. About a year later Germany 

 annexed the N.E., and the S.E. 

 became a British protectorate, 

 and in 1888 it became a colony ; 

 in 1901 financial responsibility and 

 in 1906 complete control passed to 

 the Commonwealth of Australia. 

 The territory includes the neigh- 

 bouring islands, Samarai, dis- 



PAPYRI 



Papuan. Two natives 

 of New Guinea 



Louis Papineau, 

 Canadian politician 



JS... _ -j.. . . . A^ 



Papyri. Reproduction of part of a papyrus inscribed in 



the Hieratic character, containing an Egyptian romance 



and bearing the names of Antef, 3500 B.C., and 



Tbothmes III, 1600 B.C. 



British Museum 



covered in!873, 

 the Louisiades, 

 the D'Entre- 

 caateaux 

 Group, Laugh- 

 Ian, and Tro- 

 briand islands, 

 and Woodlark 

 Island, at one 

 time the chief 

 g o 1 d f i e 1 d of 

 the island. See 



New Guinea; 

 Nose-0 rna- 

 m e n t ; S a - 

 marai. 

 Papua, 



G U L F OF. 



Large bay on 

 the S. coast of 

 the island of 

 New Guinea, 

 N.E. of C.York 

 Peninsula, 

 Queensland. 

 It receives 

 the waters of 

 the Fly and 

 other rivers 

 of Papua. 



Papuan 

 (Malay, mop- 

 headed). Term denoting aboriginal 

 peoples of negroid stock, mostly 

 in Dutch New Guinea. A tall, 

 brownish- black, long-headed race, 

 with receding forehead, prominent 

 brow-ridges, nose sometimes aqui- 

 line, and frizzy hair often dressed 

 mopwise their culture is charac- 

 terised by bone-tipped arrows and 

 stone clubs. 



Papyri. Ancient documents 

 written upon papyrus, this being 

 the Greek form 

 of the Egyptian 

 name. The papy- 

 rus rush, Cyperus 

 papyrus, formerly 

 harvested in the 

 Egyptian Delta 

 for numerous 

 purposes, has re- 

 ceded to the upper 

 Nile. Moistened 

 strips of stem 

 laid side by side 

 formed the longi- 

 tudinal warp ; 

 shorter strips 

 overlaid cross- 

 wise, after the 

 wholewas pressed, 

 dried, and polish- 

 ed, formed th 

 writing surface 

 Ink, of sepia, 

 animal charcoal, 

 and other sub- 

 stances, was ap 

 plied with a reed. 





