PARADISE FISH 



. ! pleiiMiie ; modern com- 

 I tii.it 



Paradise in n<>t <>nl\ a place in 



which t<> . n'..\ the l'ltunga and 



oarth, 



.in.: |nutit i.f unending 

 spiritual a.|\ .in. .-men! . > 

 L-elicn, l-'ra ; Kdeii ; Heaven : H'-M ; 



u .11'.' .!-.. \Vo lag das 



Christian Vl-:<'ii-< nf tin- (It her 

 World. .1. A. Mcrulloch. MM;.'. 



Paradise Fish. Name I_M\.-U to 



an artiticiidly nmdilicd lisli U'loni;- 

 i-iuis I'ulifiii-iitithui. It 

 ily allied to the climbing 

 |K'ivh, and has been developed in 

 < 'liina by a long process of selective 

 breeding. It is stri|K'd with red, 

 !_'"!< I. and green, and has lonj,' wavy 

 tins and tail ; it i- very hardy, 

 und hix-eds readily in quite small 

 a. piaria. 



Paradise Lost. Kpic poem i>y 

 Mil ton, lirst published in 1W57. It 

 begins with the fall of Satan and 

 his rebellious host of angels from 

 lira vcn and then proceeds to 

 man's fall, consequent upon the 

 warning of the powers of darkness 

 against the beings whom God had 

 put in Paradise in the newly- 

 created world, and so to the expul- 

 sion of Adam and Eve from the 

 Garden of Eden. The work is 

 acknowledged as the great repre- 

 sentative of the epic in English 

 literature, written in finely 

 cadenced and dignified blank 

 verse, to which the poet imparted 

 something of a new music, and as 

 the greatest of all poems in its use 

 of supernatural machinery. See 

 Milton, John; Poetry. 



Paradise Regained. Epic 

 poem by Milton, published in 1671. 

 Stimulated by Thomas Ellwood, 

 a Quaker friend, who remarked : 

 Thou hast said much here of Para- 

 dise Lost, but what hast thou to 

 say of Paradise Found ? Milton 

 set about this sequel in four books. 

 The subject is the temptation of 

 Christ, by whose victory over 

 Satan the effect of the temptation 

 of Adam was reversed. The poem 

 differs from Paradise Lost in the 

 much greater simplicity of the 

 story, which is mainly an expan- 

 sion of the Gospel narrative, and 

 in the singular austerity of the 

 style. It has never been as pop- 

 ular as the former epic, although 

 some poets and critics have 

 expressed the highest admiration 

 lor it. See Milton, John. 



Paradise, GRAN. Mountain of 

 Italy, in Piedmont. The culminat- 

 ing peak of the Graian Alps, and 

 the highest mountain in Italy, 

 alt. 13,324 ft., it overlooks the 

 Piedmont plain and is S. of the 

 Dora Baltea. The ascent is usually 

 made from Valsavaranche, skirting 



BOSS 



the (Iran Paradiso gbn ier ; the 

 dcwcrnt frri|iientlv a< to-,, the 

 .l.i' i. -i ile l,i 'I nl, illation to Cogne. 

 It wan in -i limlird byCowHI and 

 MimdiiH in 1800. A>'r Al|; .Moun- 

 taineering. 



Parados (Fr. from It id. 

 to Hholter, and Fr. do*, back). 

 Military term for the cover at 

 the I. a.k of a tieiich. In fortifica- 

 tions und it.-n.-hrn it is necessary 

 t<> piovide OOTM li"i" reverse 



Paradise Fiib. The artificially modi- 

 fled fish bred in China 



(ire, i.f. fire directed at the occu- 

 pants from the rear of the position, 

 or badly aimed shots frpm another 

 position, and from flying fragments 

 of shell exploding behind the posi- 

 tion. The cover provided, whether 

 it be earth, sandbags, or masonry, is 

 termed the parados of the position. 

 See Cover ; Entrenchment ; Fire 

 Step ; Fortification. 



Paradox (Gr. para, contrary to ; 

 i. opinion). Statement contrary 

 to accepted opinion, or appearing 

 to be a reversal of that which is 

 commonly understood. A perfectly 

 legitimate figure, serving to illus- 

 trate an argument either by 

 exaggeration, or by revealing a 

 side of it in a new light, it is one 

 that becomes dangerously facile, 

 and degenerates into little more 

 than playing with ideas as a pun- 

 ster plays with words. Modern 

 writers who have made something 

 like a cult of the paradox are Oscar 

 Wilde, G. B. Shaw, and G. K. 

 Chesterton. See A Budget of Par- 

 adoxes, A. de Morgan, 1872. 



Paraffin. In chemistry, term 

 applied to a large class of hydro- 

 carbons. It is generally taken as 

 referring to the solid, crystalline 

 mass, white when purified, which 

 is obtained from petroleum and 

 from certain coals and shale oils. 

 It was first manufactured in 1850 

 on a commercial scale by James 

 Young, of Glasgow, who found it 

 in a sample of thick oil from a 

 mine in Derbyshire. The first 

 \\orUs were established at Alfreton 

 in that county ; but before long 

 the centre of production shifted to 

 the south of Scotland, where paraf- 

 fin has ever since been obtained in 

 large quantities from the shale oil 

 works of that region, the crude 

 shales yielding the largest propor- 

 tion of paraffin of any source now 

 being worked. The proportion 



PARAGUAY 



yielded by jH-troleom w very small, 

 rarely over two p.c. Peat yields a 

 minute |,t .|,..i!i..n ; a certain 

 am-. .mi if* obtained from wood, 

 and i minidcrable quantities in Ger- 

 many from brown coal. All are 

 obtained by the ipethod of destruc- 

 :.Millation. 



In recovering paraffin from the 

 crude oils yielded by the primary 

 operation, the lighter, more vola- 

 tile constituent", i if the crude oils 

 are first driven olT, uhen the 

 paraffin settles out in brownish 

 scales. These are purified by treat- 

 ment with npirit or acid, by wash- 

 ing, pressing, dissolving, filtering 

 through bone-black in the same 

 way as sugar is finally whitened, re- 

 cryatAllisAtion, and final pressing. 

 When pure, pa.affin is a solid of a 

 white colour with a tinge of blue, 

 and highly translucent ; hard and 

 wax-like, free from ta.te or odour, 

 it is chiefly used in the manu- 

 factures of candles, mixed with a 

 little stearine, and of matches, for 

 waterproofing fabrics, preserving 

 food and wood, and as an insu- 

 lator in electricity. Ozokerite 

 is a natural impure paraffin. 

 Paraffin oil is obtained by frac- 

 tional distillation of shale, the 

 lightest oils from the latter being 

 used as solvents, and the next as 

 paraffin oil, the remainder being the 

 solid paraffin. See Oil; Ozokerite. 



Paragua OR PALAWAN. Island 

 of the Philippines. Situated to the 

 W. of the more important islands 

 of this group, it is about 270 m. 

 long and from 4 m. to 15 m. wide, 

 and has an area of 4,027 sq. m. 

 Its dependent islands,/ which 

 stretch away to Borneo, cover an 

 additional 1,210 sq. m. Paragua is 

 mountainous and well wooded, and 

 has a number of short, rapid rivers 

 and excellent natural harbours. 

 Resin and timber are exported in 

 great quantities. Pop. 11,000. 



Paraguay. River of S. America, 

 principal affluent of the Parana. 

 It rises in the Sierra Diamante in 

 the Matto G rosso plateau, and 

 flows S. to join the Parana above 

 Corrientes. Above Asuncion it 

 receives the Sao Lourenco,Taquary, 

 and other tributaries from the E. 

 At Asuncion the Pilcomayo and, 

 lower down, the Bermejo drain 

 from the Andes across El Gran 

 Chaco. The Pilcomayo and lower 

 Paraguay form the W. boundary 

 of the state of Paraguay. Steam- 

 boats from Buenos Aires reach 

 Asuncion. For smaller boats the 

 Pilcomayo is navigable for 150 

 m. and the main stream is navi- 

 gable for nearly the whole course. 

 Its length is 1,500 m. The con- 

 fluence with the Parana was 

 discovered by Sebastian Cabot in 

 1526. See Asuncion. 



