PARASOL 



', , / 1 



PARDO-BAZAN 



Parasol (Ita). /in/, to ward 

 off; ole, MUD), l.i.h 1 form ..f um 

 Im-llo. used for protection against 



or other light 

 material, al- 

 though in 

 China and 



.1 ip.m, \\luTi- 



they are ex- 

 tensively uaed 

 by both sexes, 

 many are 

 made of col- 



pajwr. 



Parasol of paper. Among some 



as used in Japan uncivilized 

 proplrs the right to carry a 

 parasol is confined to the chiefs. 

 tiee Umbrella. 



Parasol. In aeronautics, name 

 ripplii-d to the type of monoplane 

 \\ herein the main wing is raised 

 above the level of the body. In the 

 more normal type of monoplane 

 the pilot's head is above and behind 

 the wings. The wing was found to 

 interfere with the pilot's view. 



Paravane. Naval invention 

 employed against mines during the 

 Great War. The main credit for 

 its invention and development 

 was attributed by the Royal Com- 

 mission on Awards to Inventors to 

 Commander C. D. Burney, R.N. 

 The action of the paravane was to 

 deflect the mine from the side of 

 the ship, cut through its mooring 

 cables, and render it harmless and 

 easy to destroy. The apparatus 

 consisted of a torpedo-shaped 

 body fitted with hydrovanes, to 

 one of which was attached a float 

 and to the other a weight, and it 

 had a rudder which regulated the 

 depth of flotation by means of a 

 hydrostatic valve. 



Paravanes were used in pairs, 

 towed one on either side of the ship 

 by wires. The hydrovanea were so 

 formed that, when the tow-line 

 became taut, the machine sub- 

 merged to the determined depth, 

 and was steered at a proper dis- 

 tance from the side of the ship. 

 The towing wire was attached to a 

 frame which connected the plane 

 of the paravane with its body, and 

 was furnished with a heavy cutter 

 bracket containing a serrated 

 knife- blade, by which the mine 

 mooring line was severed. A pair 

 of paravanes, running one on 

 either beam of the ship, gave com- 

 plete immunity from injury from 

 anchored mines. Several classes of 

 this apparatus were used by war- 

 ships, and the merchant nmrim- 

 had a particular type known as the 

 Otter. See Submarine ; consult 

 also The Crisis of the Naval War, 

 Viscount Jellicoe, 1920. 



Paruy-le-Monial. Town of 



In tin- ik|.t. "f S.i. 



it -t.lll.l- on tin- lion 



.iin I the Canal du Centn-, 



\V N U' - f Mai -on. HIM! i- a jimr- 



lion i,f tli<- 1'arin-LyonM Hly. Tin-n- 

 an- oil ii-tincriuM, tanneries, and 

 manufactures of tiles and 

 mica. The most important (milding 

 is the convent of tin- Visitation, 

 where tin- nun, M. M. Alacoquo 

 (ill t'p'.tO), was supposed to have had 

 of tin- Saviour. I'op. 5,000. 



Parcae. In classical mythology, 

 the Latin name for the Fates, god- 

 desses who presided over tin- 

 di-Miny of man. The Greeks called 

 them Moirai See Fates. 



Parcel Post. Postal service for 

 the conveyance of bulkier and 

 heavier packages than are c.imi-d 

 by the ordinary letter post. In 

 the United Kingdom a parcel post 

 was recommended by Rowland 

 Hill in 1842, but the scheme was 

 not put into operation until 

 1883. Headquarters for the new 

 dept. were provided in 1887, and a 

 system of coaches started in 1892. 



Parcels must not exceed 3 ft. 

 6 ins. in length, or 6 ft. in length 

 and uirth combined, and must be 

 handed in at the post office. In 

 1924 the inland rates ranged from 

 6d for 2 Ib. weight and under, 

 to Is. 3d. for parcels of 11 Ib., the 

 limit of weight. Parcels for abroad 

 need a customs declaration. 

 Special rates are granted for parcels 

 to places within the British Empire. 

 See Post Office. 



Parchizn. Town of Germany, in 



Mi-i-kli ill. in It is on 



tin- I .f Schwcrin. 



The church rtf S. George date* from 

 t hi- I III. .-.ntury. I'op. 11,000. 



Parchment. Writing material 

 made of tin- skins of animal", more 

 especially of those of sheep and 

 goats. It is supposed to have been 

 first used as a substitute for papy- 

 rus in the 2nd century B.C., and 

 derives its name from Pergamum, 

 a city of M\ -i.t where it was nntt 

 employed. In preparing parchment 

 the hair or wool is first removed, 

 and the skin is then steeped in lime, 

 and stretched on a framework and 

 scraped with a special knife. After 

 being sprinkled with powdered 

 chalk or Urn . it i- ai'.iiri rubbed 

 to make the surface smooth. 



Coarse parchment is made of the 

 skins of he-goats, calves, or asses. 

 Parchment for writing remained in 

 general use until superseded by 

 paper. Legal documents from 

 wing so often written on parch- 

 ment are sometimes known col- 

 lectively as parchments. Parch- 

 ment paper.or vegetable parchment, 

 is a tough, semi-translucent paper, 

 prepared by dipping unsized 

 paper in diluted sulphuric acid. See 

 Paper; Papyri. 



Pardo-Bazan, EMILIA, COUNT- 

 ESS (1852-1921). Spanish novelist. 

 Born at Corunna, Sept. 16, 1852, 

 of distinguished parentage, she 

 was brought up amongst a bril- 

 liant society in Madrid. After her 

 marriage to Don Jos6 Quiroga, she 



Method of towing a paravane from the bow of a liner. Inset, near view of the 

 paravane under water, about to cut the mooring cable of a mine 



