PARIS 



5976 



Paris. West front of the cathedral of Notre Dame 



tobacco works at Clichy, St. Ouen, 

 St. Denis, and Pan tin. 



The strongly centralised char- 

 acter of French government gives 

 Paris a peculiar importance in the 

 national life. But it is well for the 

 foreigner to remember that, neither 

 in the traits of social life nor hi 

 political sentiment, is Paris always 

 characteristic of France ; its quick 

 enthusiasms and reactions, its pro- 

 lific and vehement journalism, its 

 affaires and scandales, have all a 

 quality essentially Parisian. 



Paris was in its beginnings a 

 mere cluster of fishermen's huts. 

 The city is first mentioned in 53 

 B.C., when, according to Caesar, 

 Lutetia was the chief town of the 

 Parisii, a small Gallic tribe. It 

 grew in importance under the 

 Romans, but in the middle of the 

 4th century, when the emperor 

 Julian lived there, the town was 

 still* confined to what is now 

 called the lie de la Cite. At the 

 close of that century Lutetia was 

 the diocese of a bishop, and was 

 known as Parisia. The Franks cap- 

 tured the city in 493, and Clovis 

 made it his capital about SOS. 



The advent of the Capetians in- 

 augurated a brilliant period, and 

 Paris began to extend on the right 

 bank of the Seine. The building of 

 the cathedral of Notre Dame was 

 begun, and towards the end of the 

 12th century the city numbered 

 about 100,000 inhabitants. The 

 14th and 15th centuries were times 

 of great trouble for Paris, owing to 

 internal strife. In 1420 the Eng- 

 lish took it, and only in 1436 did 

 Charles VII re-enter his capital. 

 Under Napoleon I Paris under- 

 went great changes. 



During the 19th century Paris 

 knew war and revolution at first 

 hand more than any great capital. 

 In 1814 it was entered by the Allies ; 

 1830 and 1832 saw barricades and 

 insurrection ; . thousands were 

 killed in the revolution of 1848 ; hi 

 1870-71 came the siege ; and in 

 1871 the insurrection and the 

 commune, with a loss of life of 

 over 50,000 and an estimated 

 damage to property of some 

 32,000,000. But other landmarks 

 in the city's history were the great 

 international exhibitions of 1867, 

 1878, 1889, and 1900. 



PARIS 



Throughout the Great War 

 Paris was practically in the war 

 zone. German aeroplanes bombed 

 it as early as Aug. 31, 1914, and 

 following the rapid advance to the 

 Marne, it came within sound of 

 gun-fire early in Sept. 



In 1915-16 there were several 

 Zeppelin and aeroplane raids on the 

 city. In the latter part of 1917 

 Paris was constantly bombed by 

 Gotha aeroplanes, which continued 

 their raids throughout 1918. From 

 March 23, 1918, Paris was fre- 

 quently bombarded by German 

 long-range guns, from a distance of 

 about 75 miles. On May 27 the 

 Germans again reached the Marne 

 at Chateau-Thierry, where they 

 were only 40 m. from the city. In 

 all nearly 800 bombs fell on the 

 city, killing 266, and wounding 603 

 persons. Paris was the scene of 

 the peace conferences of 1919-20 

 (see. Versailles, Treaty of). See 

 Bois de Boulogne ; Kiosk ; Pere- 

 Lachaise. 



Bibliography. Histoire physique, 

 civile et morale de Paris, J. A. 

 Dulaure, 1857-59 ; Histoire Gener- 

 ale de la Ville de Paris, pub. by the 

 Municipality, 1866 et seq. ; The 

 Churches of Paris, S. S. Beale, 1893 ; 

 Historic Churches of Paris, W. F. 

 Lonergen, 1896; Paris, H. Belloc, 

 1900 ; Paris, A. J. C. Hare, 2nd ed. 

 1900 ; Paris from the Earliest Period 

 to the Present Day, 10 vols., W. 

 Walton, 1902; The Story of Paris, 

 T. Okey, 1906; Modern Paris, R, 

 H. Sherard, 1911; Old Paris: its 

 Social, Historical, and Literary 

 Associations, H. C. Shelley, 1912; 

 Twenty Centuries of Paris, M. S. C; 

 Smith, 1913; A Wanderer in Paris, 

 E. V. Lucas, 1909 ; The Story of 

 Paris Churches, J. S.Wolff, 1918; 

 Two Towns One City : Paris 

 London, J. F. Macdonald, 1917 ; 

 Old Paris, J. S. Wolff, 1921. 



Paris. City of Texas, U.S.A., 

 the co. seat of Lamar co. It is 97 

 m. N.E. of Dallas, and is served by 

 the Texas and Pacific and other 

 rlys. A large trade in cotton is 

 carried on, and cotton-ginning, 

 flour-milling, and the manufacture 

 of cotton-seed oil, furniture, boxes, 

 and bricks are among the chief 

 industries. Paris was settled in 

 1841, incorporated in 1874, and 

 became a city in 1905. Pop. 15.000. 



Paris, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON 

 (1839-1903). French philologist. 

 Born at Avenay, Aug. 9, 1839, son 

 of the philologist Paulin Paris 

 (1800-81), he became in 1895 

 director of the College de France, 

 where he had succeeded his father 

 as professor. His works and nu- 

 merous contributions to periodicals 

 deal chiefly with medieval French 

 literature, of which he wrote a his- 

 tory. His biography of Villon is 

 regarded by some as his best work. 

 He died in Paris, March 6, 1903. 



