PASCHAL 



3993 



PASSACAGLIA 



theologian and philosopher, and 

 M one of the great French prow 

 writ*!*. UK philosophy wan inllii- 



cilccil |,y 111,- \MilitiL"- >! Kpirtettll. 



Montaiune, nnd Descartes; became 

 1 In- r.'liiMoiis inlliience of t he 

 JanseniHtn. and about 1654 i 



ll. \\hlch III- 



Jacqueline, l>a<l entered, and where 

 he adopted tin- .i-ccti-- mode of life. 

 In 1656-57 he became the champion 

 <>f I'.rt- Royal against the Jesuits. 

 urn inn pscudonymously the 18 

 Ixjttres Ecrites par Louis de 

 Montalte a un Provincial de sea 

 Amis et aux Reverends Peres 

 J6suites, snr le Sujot de la Morale 

 et de la Politique de ces Peres 

 familiarly known aa The Provincial 

 Letters. Masterly as examples of 

 subtle and polite controversial irony 

 and brilliant wit, they defend the 

 theological tenets of Arnauld,attack 

 Probabilism, and attempt to show 

 that Port-Royal was not heretical, 

 but tint Jansenism was in accord 

 with the Universal Church. The 

 Letters were condemned by Pope 

 Alexander VII in 1657, and pub- 

 licly burned in 1660, but their 

 writer remained a devoted member 

 of the Roman Catholic Church. 



Pascal's Pensees sur la Religion 

 et sur quelques autres sujets, 

 issued posthumously in 1670, 

 though only fragments of a pro- 

 jected Apology or Defence of 

 Christianity, have exercised per- 

 haps a wider influence in theology 

 than the Letters. While both served 

 to bring the discussion of vital 

 things into the public arena, the 

 Pensees appeal more to the imag- 

 ination, a fact exemplified in the 

 notable conception of man as 

 standing between two immensities : 

 above him the universe great be- 

 yond the understanding of mortal 

 mind, below him another universe 

 in which the slightest insect has all 

 the complexity of man himself. 

 Pascal died in Paris, Aug. 19, 1662, 

 and was buried in the Church of S. 

 Etienne du Mont. See Arnauld ; 

 Jansenism; Port-Royal. 



bibliography. Works, P. Faugere* 

 8 vols., 1886-95; 14 vols., L. 

 Brunschvicg, 1904-14 ; Lives (in 

 French), V. Cousin, 5th ed. 1857; J. 

 Bertrand, 1891 ; E. Boutroux, 1900, 

 Eng. trans. E. M. Creak, 1902; V. 

 Giraud, 3rd ed. 1905 ; Viscount St. 

 Cyres, 1909: and (in English) H. R. 

 Jordan, 1909 ; B. P., Etudes d'His- 

 toire Morale, V. Giraud, 1910 ; P., 

 sa Vie Religieuse, H. Petitot, 1911; 

 Lea Derniers Joure de P., A. Gazior, 

 1911; L'Oeuvre Scientifique de B. 

 P., A. Mairo, 1912. ^ 



Paschal. Name of two popes 

 and one anti-pope. Paschal I was 

 pope from 817-24. Paschal II. a 

 Benedictine monk, reigned from 

 1099-1118. Overpowered and im- 

 prisoned by the emperor Henry V, 



be Yielded the right of investiture, 

 which hi* predeoessora had refused 

 to allow. Paachal III WM anti- 

 pope in the reign of Alexander III 

 f... ... 1104-68. Hb canonisation of 



Charlemagne WM never ratified. 



Pasco OB CBRBO DB PASOO. 

 Mountain group of Peru, in the 

 dept. of Junin. The mountain 

 systems of Peru form a knot in t \<<- 

 neighbourhood of the town of 



lo Pasco (q.v.). See Andes. 

 Pas-de-Calais (Fr. name of 

 the Straits of Dover). Department 

 of France. Situated in the X. of the 

 country, it has a coast-line on the 

 English Channel, and is mainly a 

 fertile plain with some low i 

 of hill*. The chief rivers M 

 Lys and the Scarpe. Wheat, oats, 

 potatoes, and other crops are 

 grown ; horses, cattle, and poultry 

 are reared. Coal is mined, and there 

 is a considerable fishing industry. 

 For conveying the coal the de- 

 partment has a very complete 

 network of canals. Arras is the 

 capital, and in the department are 

 Calais, Boulogne, Lens, St. Omer, 

 Wimereux, and Agincourt. A 

 region of drained fenland called the 

 Wattergands is famous for its 

 market gardens. During the Great 

 War part of this department was 

 in possession of the Germans. Its 

 area is 2,606 sq. m. Pop. 1,070,000. 

 See Arras ; Artois. Battle of ; 

 Loos, Battle of. 



Pasha. Turkish title given to 

 governors of provinces, high mili- 

 tary and naval officers, and others. 

 The rank of pashas was formerly 

 indicated by horse-tails carried as 

 standards, three denoting the 

 highest grade, two the middle, and 

 one the lowest. Bashaw is an early 

 English form of the word. 



Pashitch OB PACHITCH, NICHOL- 

 AS PETER (b. 1843). Serbian states- 

 man. The son of Peter Pashitch, 

 he was born 

 at Z a i t c h a r, 

 qualified as an 

 engineer at the 

 university of 

 Zurich, and be- 

 came a member 

 of the Skupsh- 

 tinain!876. In 

 1883 he headed 

 the " Revolu- 

 tion of Zait- 

 char " against King Milan, was 

 made prisoner, and condemned 

 to death, but succeeded in 

 escaping, and in 1888 he was 

 prime minister of Serbia. On the 

 accession of King Peter in 1903 

 be was again prime minister, and 

 continued to hold that position 

 till 1918. He was head of the 

 Serbian delegation at the Peace 

 Conference at Paris, 1919, and 

 premier of Yugo-Slavia, 1921. 



H. P. Puhitch, 



Serbian statesman 



Pasig. City of Luzon, Philip 

 pine ~ Inland*. It i* situated near 

 the centre of the island, 8 m. E. of 

 Manila. The capital of Rizal 

 it suffered much by fire in 

 the insurrection of 1897. Pottery 

 is manufactured Pop. 12,000. 



Pasque Flower (Anemone jnd- 

 sat ilia). Perennial herb of th< 

 natural order Ranunculaceae. A 



Paique Flower. Bloom ol the i peciei 



of anemone, formerly used for 



colouring Eatter eggi 



native of Europe and N. Asia, it 

 has a woody rootstock, and leaves 

 very much divided into narrow 

 segments. The dull purple, silky, 

 solitary flowers are supported on 

 stout erect stalks. The seeds have 

 feathery tails II in. long. The folk- 

 name, from Lat. Pasr.ha, Easter, is 

 due to the fact that Easter eggs 

 were often stained by rubbing them 

 with the flowers. 



Pasquinade. Abusive personal 

 lampoon, or satire. The name is 

 derived from a 15th century cobbler 

 of Rome, Pasqulno, famous for his 

 sarcasms. After his death a 

 statue found near his stall was 

 given the name of Pasquino, and 

 to it wits secretly affixed their 

 lampoons on public persons. Thus 

 the lampoons themselves came to 

 be termed pasquinades. 



Pass. Low part of a water- 

 parting or divide. Passes generally 

 owe their origin to denudation 

 produced by two streams, which 

 rise close together but on opposite 

 sides of the divide. Sometimes they 

 occur where a river has breached 

 a mountain range. They are 

 of great economic value, since 

 routes connecting the opposite 

 sides of the divide will either cross 

 tin-in, or. in the case of modern 

 rlys.,will tunnel In-low them, as in 

 the case of the St. Gotthard Pass in 

 the Alps, and Uspallata or t'umbrv 

 Pass in the S. Andes. See Cargo. 



Passacaglia. Old stately dance, 

 probably of Spanish origin (panr, 

 to walk; caue, a street). The 

 dancers were one or two in number. 

 The music was constructed over a 

 ground baas in triple time, a 

 feature which led composers to 



