PASSION PLAY 



5998 



PASTE-BOARD 



of Our Lord Jesus Christ. It was 

 founded about the year 1730 by 

 S. Paul of the Cross (1694-1775), 

 and was formally approved by the 

 pope in 1741. Its special work is 

 to conduct missions and retreats, 

 and to undertake parochial work 

 when desired by the bishop. The 

 usual life vows are taken. The 

 order came to Britain in 1841, and 

 has nine houses there, the head- 

 quarters being at Highgate, Lon- 

 don. In America it has over a 

 hundred houses. 



Passion Play. Scriptural drama 

 presented periodically at Ober- 

 ammergau (q.v. ), Bavaria. Re- 

 sembling the medieval miracle and 

 mystery plays, and representing 

 Christ's Passion, it is usually in 

 18 acts and the same number of 

 tableaux, and is presented by 600 

 performers, all natives of Ober- 

 ammergau. Preceded by divine 

 service, including the Mass, it is 

 regarded as a solemn ceremonial, 

 the performers accepting small 

 fees and the profits going to 

 charity. Between May 14-Sept. 24 

 30 performances are given on an 

 open-air stage before a covered 

 auditorium, holding 4,000 people. 

 The play originated in a vow taken 

 by survivors of the pest in 1633 to 

 present once in every ten years 

 living pictures of Christ's Passion, 

 a vow since observed with but few 

 exceptions. See The Passion Play 

 at Oberammergau, F. W. Farrar, 

 1890; Plays of Our Forefathers, 

 C. M. Gayley, 1908. 



Passion Week. In the ecclesi- 

 astical year, the week following 

 Passion Sunday, or the 5th Sunday 

 in Lent. The name is sometimes 

 applied to Holy Week (q.v.). 



Passive Resistance. Act of re- 

 sisting a law or system of govern- 

 ment without recourse to active or 

 militant methods. It is usually 

 resorted to on conscientious 

 grounds, which may be purely 

 moral, or in which political and 

 national considerations are in- 

 volved. Belgium under the Ger- 

 man occupation, 1914-18, was an 

 instance of the latter, and the re- 

 fusal of Quakers and others to pay 

 tithes and impositions of the 

 Church of England an example of 

 the former. The civil disobedience 

 and boycott movement of Gandhi 

 in India was passive resistance, as 

 was refusal to undergo military 

 service in England. 



The term is, however, mainly 

 associated with the Free Church 

 passive resistance movement, which 

 originated with the passing of the 

 Education Act of 1902. These Free 

 Churchmen consistently objected 

 to pay a rate which provided for 

 sectarian teaching in voluntary 

 schools. They objected to pay 



that portion of their local rate 

 devoted to education, but some 

 paid when summoned after making 

 a protest in public. Others refused 

 to pay when summoned, and al- 

 lowed their goods to be distrained 

 upon for the amount in question. 

 See Clifford, John. 



Passmore Edwards Settle- 

 ment. Name by which the London 

 social welfare institute, the Mary 

 Ward Settlement (q.v.), London, 

 W.C., was known from 1897-1920. 

 It was named after J. Passmore 

 Edwards (q.v.). 



Passover (Heb. pesach ; Gr. 

 pascha). Ancient Jewish feast. 

 Called in the Bible the Lord's Pass- 

 over, and instituted at the time of 

 the exodus, it was so named from 

 the passing over by the destroying 

 angel of the thresholds of the 

 Israelites, red with the blood of 

 the sacrificial lamb, when all the 

 first-born of Egypt were smitten 

 (Ex. 12). It was afterwards and 

 still is observed as a symbol of the 

 deliverance and of the beginning 

 of harvest, the seven days of ob- 

 servance beginning on Abib or 

 Nisan 14. The whole feast is also 

 called the festival of unleavened 

 bread. In modern times the festi- 

 val closes with the words, " Next 

 year in Jerusalem." It was ob- 

 served by Christ the night before 

 His crucifixion, when He instituted 

 the Eucharist ; and He is called 

 "our Passover" (1 Cor. v, 7-8). 

 See Easter ; Last Supper ; consult 

 also History of the Jewish Church, 

 A. P. Stanley, 1876; Hebrew 

 Feasts, W. H. Green, 1886. 



Passport (Fr. passeport). War- 

 rant of protection or safe-conduct 

 and licence to travel granted by 

 the authorities of a country to its 

 subjects who desire to visit foreign 

 countries. Every sovereign state 

 has the right to regulate the ad- 

 mission or exclusion of foreigners 

 to or from its territories. For this 

 'reason the possession of a passport 

 by travellers is desirable, though 

 in normal times the regulations 

 restricting foreign travel are not, hi 

 most cases, very severe. In war- 

 time, and in all times of unrest, a 

 passport becomes a necessity for all 

 foreign travel, and may be re- 

 quired to be shown at any moment 

 to the police or other competent 

 authority. 



In the United Kingdom pass- 

 ports are issued by the foreign 

 office to British subjects on the 

 recommendation of a banking 

 firm, mayor, magistrate, minister 

 of religion, barrister-at-law, phy- 

 sician, etc., resident in the U.K. 

 The applicant's birth certificate 

 may also be required, and a space 

 is left on the passport for a recent 

 photograph of the applicant. In 



1921 the fee for a passport was 

 7s. 6d. and it was recommended 

 that application should be made 

 four clear days before the day on 

 which it was proposed to leave the 

 country. Vises by the authorities 

 of countries through which the 

 traveller passes are often required. 



Password. Military term de- 

 noting a predetermined word or 

 phrase which is accepted by the 

 sentries and outposts as evidence 

 of the bona fides of persons wishing 

 to pass through the lines. All 

 persons who are authorised to 

 leave the camp or position are 

 acquainted with the password and, 

 on returning, repeat it when chal- 

 lenged by the sentry. 



Passy. Western suburb of 

 .Paris, France. It is in the 16th 

 arrondissement, near the Bois de 

 Boulogne. It extends from the 

 Trocadero to the fortifications, and 

 is a favourite residential quarter. 

 The Pont de Passy is adorned 

 with some fine statuary by G. 

 Michel. See Paris. 



Past and Present. Study of 

 social and political conditions by 

 Thomas Carlyle. It was first pub- 

 lished in 1843. Developing ideas 

 earlier expressed in Sartor Resartus 

 and Heroes and Hero Worship, it 

 discusses the problems of capital 

 and labour, aristocracy and people, 

 as they appeared in the first half of 

 the 19th century, and contrasts 

 them with social conditions in the 

 Middle Ages, illustrated by the 

 chronicle of the abbey of Bury St. 

 Edmunds, written by Jocelin de 

 Brakelond (c. 1200). 



Pastassa OK PASTAZA. River of 

 central Ecuador, S. America. 

 Rising in the Andes and flowing 

 generally S.E. for some 400 m., 

 it joins the Maranon 30 m. W. 

 of the point where the last-named 

 river receives the waters of the 

 Huallaga. 



Paste (prob. Gr. paste, barley 

 broth). Viscid mixture of flour 

 with water or other liquid, espe- 

 cially when used as an adhesive 

 composition for joining together 

 pieces of paper, etc. For this pur- 

 pose it is made of about 2 Ib. of 

 flour to a gallon of water, with an 

 admixture of some starch, 1 oz. 

 of alum, or 1^ oz. of resin. The 

 addition of a little carbolic acid 

 preserves it from mould. The 

 flour is mixed slowly with the water 

 into a thin batter and boiled, the 

 mixture being stirred meanwhile, 

 until a smooth paste is obtained. 



The word also denotes any soft 

 plastic material used by potters, 

 and a composition of which imita- 

 tion gems are made. 



Paste-board. Paper pasted 

 together to make thick sheets. 

 After pasting it is pressed, dried, 



