(AS I 1 UU 



Louis Pasteur, 

 French biologist 



, and cut into moulds. 

 largely used M mounU (or 

 H. Bristol board is a 

 liner piiate-board for pen-an.l-ink 

 drawing. The word also denotes 

 the wooden board upon \*lu<-li 

 paste crust is rolled. See Card- 

 board ; Strawboard. 



Pasteur, Louts (1822-95). 

 Kiriu'h biological chemist and 

 physicist. Born at Dole, Deo. 27, 

 J. and edu- 

 cated at the 

 Ecole Normale, 

 Paria. he be- 

 came professor 

 of physics at 

 Dijon, 1848 ; of 

 chemistry at 

 Stras bourg, 

 1849; in 1854 

 of chemistry at 

 Lille ; and in 

 1857 scientific director at the 

 Ecole Normale, Paris. In 1863 he 

 waa appointed to the Ecole des 

 Beaux Arts as professor of geology, 

 physics, and chemistry, and from 

 1867-89 he was professor of chem- 

 istry at the Sorbonne. He estab- 

 lished the Pasteur Institute in 

 Paris, 1888, and remained it* direc- 

 tor until his death, Sept. 28, 1895. 

 Pasteur was one of the most 

 brilliant investigators of the 19th 

 century. He first attracted notice 

 by his solution of the problem pre- 

 sented by isomerism (q.v. ), which 

 ultimately led him to the discoveries 

 connected with fermentation, 

 with which his name is uni- 

 versally associated. In connexion 

 with the latter he showed that 

 vinous, acetous, and lactic fer- 

 mentations were caused by micro- 

 organisms existing in the air, and he 

 formulated methods for the pre- 

 vention of " diseases " in wines, 

 beer, vinegar, etc. At the request 

 of the French government he 

 undertook a study of silkworm 

 disease, indicated the bacteria] 

 cause and cure, afterwards isolating 

 the bacillus of anthrax, an epoch- 

 making discovery which led to his 

 preparation of vaccines for various 

 diseases, e.g. fowl cholera, rabies, 

 and diphtheria. These last results, 

 which have been extended by 

 followers of Pasteur, have left 

 their imperishable mark on pre- 

 ventive medicine throughout the 

 world. See Frontispiece, voL 2 ; 

 Bacteriology ; Hydrophobia ; Milk. 

 Bibliography. Works : Ferment- 

 ation, 1876 ; The Attenuation of the 

 Virus of Fowl Cholera, 1886 ; Re- 

 searches on Vaccination for Rabies, 

 1886 ; Rabies, 1890 ; consult also 

 Lives, P. Frankland,1878; R.Valery- 

 Radot, Eng. trans. 1902; Pasteur 

 and after Pasteur, 3. Paget, 1914. 



Pasteur Institute. ^ Research 

 laboratory established ' for the 

 purpose of combating hydro- 



5899 



Mimed a 1 



Pasteur. The first and moat irn- 

 port it i i'tateur, WM 



erected in Park by public sub- 

 * ript ion, and opened NOT. 14,1888. 

 The work ia divided into nix 

 Motions, the largest of which deal* 

 with anti-rabies treatment 

 tli-- preparation of the vaccine to 

 tli.- in. >< illation nf sufferers, as well 

 as with statistics of cases, etc. 

 iiihi-r departments are concerned 

 with bacteriology in its various 

 branches, and its application to 

 hygiene, including investigation 

 into prophylactic measures against 

 epidemic and infectious diseases. 



Subsequently other Pasteur in- 

 stitutes were established through- 

 out Kurope, the U.S.A., etc., in- 

 cluding one at Kasauli, in the 

 Himalayas. See Hydrophobia. 



Pasteurisation. Preservation 

 of wine, milk, and other liquids 

 from deterioration by heating. 

 Named after Pasteur, who showed 

 that sufficient heat killed all micro- 

 organisms, its most common appli- 

 cation is for the preservation of 

 milk. The milk is kept for 10 to 

 20 minutes at a temperature of 

 140 to 180 F., in special vessels 

 known as pasteurisers. Pasteurisa- 

 tion of milk is most effective in 

 closed vessels, in which the milk is 

 kept constantly agitated to prevent 

 the formation of a skin on the sur- 

 face. See Milk. 



Pasticcio (Ital., a pie). In music, 

 a medley of favourite excerptsfrom 

 different operas, whether or not by 

 the same composer is immaterial 

 It was very popular during the 

 18th century. Although both 

 Handel and Gluck lent themselves 

 to this form of entertainment, its 

 inherent lack of homogeneity led to 

 its decline. The Beggar's Opera 

 (revived at Hammersmith, June, 

 1920) has a pasticcio of British 

 ballad tunes and popular airs. 



In art and literature pasticcio or 

 pastiche (Fr. ) denotes a work made 

 up from fragments of other works, 

 or borrowing motives or sugges- 

 tions from them. 



Pasto. City of Colombia, S. 

 America. In the dept. of Cauca, 

 it stands at an alt. of 8,650 ft., at 

 the foot of Pasto Volcano (alt. 

 14,000 ft.), 140 m. N.E. of Quito. 

 It is on the route for the great pass 

 between Quito and Popayan, and 

 is the seat of a bUhop, with a uni- 

 versity. Its manufactures include 

 decorated pottery, hats, and 

 blankets ana other woollen goods. 

 Founded by Pizarro in 1539, it waa 

 twice destroyed in the wars of in- 

 dependence and was ruined by an 

 earthquake in 1827. Pop. 28,000. 

 Paston Letters. Series of 

 letters and other documents written 

 between 1422 and 1509, mostly 



PASTORAL. 



addressed to or written by members 

 f UK- Piwtori family. Rising from 

 obscurity MI the Pastoos, 



of a Tillage of that name near 

 North WaUham. Norfolk, acquired 

 land and inflm-a* in the county. 

 -ton (1378-1444) was 

 juittice of the common pleas under 

 VI. Bis son Jote (1411-40) 

 acquired by doubtful means 

 r Castle and th>- ot her estates 

 (if Sir John Fastolf. for which the 

 family had to n-.-ht as well as 

 litigate. Sir John Paston (1442- 

 79) was a courtier of Edward IV, 

 but went over to the Lancastrians. 



The letters and other papers, of 

 which nearly 1,200 exist, form an 

 invaluable record of the political, 

 social, and economic life of the 

 time, especiiil y of the troublous 

 times of the Wars of the Roses. A 

 complete collection, with valuable 

 introductions, was edited by James 

 Gairdner, 1872-75. A new ed. by 

 him, in 6 vols., appeared 1904. 



Pastor (Lat. jxucere, to feed). 

 Literally a shepherd, but now used 

 for a minister of religion, es- 

 pecially among the Lutherans. The 

 office is known as the pastorate. 

 See Lutheranism. 



Pastor. Bird, known also as 

 the rose-coloured starling (Pastor 

 roseus). The plumage is pink on 



Pastor, or rose-coloured starling, 

 an occasional visitor to England 



W. 8. BtrrUft. f.M.8. 



the back and under parts, violet- 

 black on the head, neck, and 

 tail, and greenish -black on the 

 wings. It nests in W. Asia and 

 S.E. Europe, and feeds largely on 

 locusts. At times it migrates 

 in large numbers to W. Europe, 

 and occasional specimens are met 

 with in England. 



Pastoral. Literary term denot- 

 ing poetry, romance, or drama 

 setting forth the shepherd's life 

 in a more or lees conventionalised 

 or idealised fashion. In the more 

 modern manifestations it may be 

 said to be the homage which arti- 

 ficiality pays to simplicity. Origin- 

 ating in the idylls of the Greeks 

 of Sicily, notably Theocritus, which 

 were imitated by Virgil in his 

 Eclogues, pastoral poetry was re- 

 vived by the Renaissance poets on 

 the Continent, and in England 

 became something of a new type 

 in The Shepherd's Calendar oi 



