PATNA 



6OO6 



PATRICIAN 



Patna. Dist. of Bihar and 

 Orissa, India. It is situated S. of 

 the Ganges and E. of the Son. Un- 

 like most of the dists. of India, 

 practically the whole of the culti- 

 vable area is actually under culti- 

 vation. Its area is 2,069 sq. m. 

 Pop. 1,610,000. 



Patna. Town of Bihar and 

 Orissa, India. It is situated on the 

 right bank of the Ganges close to 

 the mouths of the three tributaries, 

 Son, Gogra, Gandak. Before the 

 days of rlys. the city was a great 

 trading centre with water trans- 

 port in five directions. The re- 

 mains of a pillared hall, erected 

 by the emperor Asoka in the 3rd 

 century B.C., were unearthed in 

 1912-13. The oldest mosque is that 

 of Sher Shah (1540-45); the 

 Patna Oriental library has a fine 

 collection of Arabic and Persian 

 manuscripts. Pop. 136,000. 



Paton, JOHN BROWN (1830- 

 1911). British divine. Born Dec. 17, 

 1830, the son of Alexander Paton, 

 N e w m i 1 ns , 

 Ayrshire, he 

 was educated 

 at local schools. 

 To prepare for 

 the ministry 

 he entered 

 Spring Hill 

 College, Bir- 

 mingham, and 

 while there 

 took his degree 

 at London University. In 1854 he 

 became minister of a Congregational 

 church in Sheffield, in 1863 first 

 principal of the Congregational 

 Institute, Nottingham. He re- 

 signed in 1898, and died Jan. 26, 

 1911. Paton's many social and 

 philanthropic activities included 

 the founding of the National Home 

 Reading Union. He was j oint editor 

 of The Eclectic Review, 1858-61. 

 One of his sons, J. Lewis Paton, a 

 brilliant classical scholar, was 

 made high master of Manchester 

 Grammar School in 1903. 



Paton, SIR JOSEPH NOEL (1821- 

 1901). Scottish painter. Born at 

 Dunfermline, Dec. 13, 1821, he 

 studied at 

 Edinburgh 

 and the R.A. 

 schools, Lon- 

 don. Success- 

 ful in the 

 Westminster 

 Hall competi- 

 tions of 1845 

 and 1847, he 

 became 

 A.R.S.A. i n 

 1847, and R.S.A. in 1856; and 

 the queen's limner for Scotland in 

 1866. He painted religious and 

 other subject pictures, in the pre- 

 Raphaelite manner, with strong 



Sir J. N. Paton, 

 Scottish painter 



but not always attractive colour. 

 He was at his best in black and 

 white work. Knighted, 1867, he 

 died in Edinburgh, Dec. 26, 1901. 

 See Midsummer Night's Dream, A. 

 Pair as. Seaport of Greece. The 

 capital of the nomarchy of Achaea, 

 it is in the Morea or Peloponnese. 

 Situated on the slope of a hill over- 

 looking the Gulf of Patras, 13 m. 

 S.W. of Lepanto, it contains 

 several Jewish synagogues and 

 Greek churches, one of them being 

 traditionally associated with the 

 martyrdom of S. Andrew. The ex- 

 ports include currants, wine, oil, 



after having been adopted by the 

 early Church as the title of the 

 holder of any great see, was given to 

 the bishops of Alexandria, Rome, 

 Antioch, Constantinople, and Jeru- 

 salem. One of the titles of the 

 pope is Patriarch of the West ; and 

 though the patriarchates of Con- 

 stantinople, Jerusalem, Antioch,and 

 Alexandria are sees of the Greek 

 Church, the Holy See continues to 

 appoint bishops to them. These 

 officials, however, except the bishop 

 of Jerusalem, reside in Rome. The 

 title is derived from Acts vii, 8. 

 See Archbishop; Exarch. 



Patras, Greece. View oi the town and harbour from the sea 



woollen goods, silk, skins, valonia, 

 lemons, citrons, honey, and pome- 

 granates. Anciently known as 

 Patrae, it is the only survivor of 

 the 12 cities of Achaea. An early 

 centre of Christianity, it was be- 

 sieged by the Spaniards in 1532 

 and 1595. Rebuilt after its de- 

 struction by the Turks in 1821, it 

 is now one of the principal Greek 

 ports. There are remains of a 

 Roman aqueduct. Pop. 52,000. 



The Gulf of Patras is an inlet 

 of the Ionian Sea, between Hellas 

 and the Morea. It has a length of 

 22 m. and a max. width of 14 m. 

 At the Strait of Lepanto, leading 

 to the Gulf of Corinth (q.v. ), it 

 narrows to barely 2 m. 



Patria potestas (Lat., paternal 

 power). In Roman law, the 

 authority of the head of the house- 

 hold over his own children, or 

 those adopted by him, irrespective 

 of age. This authority, which 

 normally reduced the children to a 

 condition of life-long dependence, 

 gave the father power over their 

 life -and liberty. But it was de- 

 stroyed by the thrice-repeated sale 

 of a son, the single sale of a 

 daughter, the adoption of a son 

 into another gens or clan, the 

 passing of a daughter into the 

 legal power (manus) of a husband, 

 the loss of the rights of citizenship 

 by father or son. See Family. 



Patriarch (Gr. patria, family ; 

 archein, to rule). Head of a family 

 or tribe. It is specifically applied to 

 those regarded by the Jews as the 

 fathers of- their race, to the 

 presidents of the Sanhedrim, and, 



Patriarchy. Form of social 

 organization under which persona! 

 rights, duties, and restrictions are 

 determined from the paternal side. 

 Social anthropologists prefer the 

 alternative term " father-right." 

 Descent and inheritance may be 

 reckoned along the father's line. 

 The wife may reside with her 

 husband's people. Child-control 

 and choice of mate may be vested in 

 the father. See Family ; Matriarchy. 



Patricia. District of Ontario, 

 Canada. It is the most N. area 

 in the prov., was formed from parts 

 of Keewatin and the N.W. Terri- 

 tories in 1912, and named in 

 honour of Lady Patricia Ramsay, 

 daughter of the duke of Connaught, 

 then governor-general. Its area 

 is 157,400 sq. m. See Canada ; 

 Ontario. 



Patrician. Member of the 

 ruling order in ancient Rome, as 

 opposed to the plebs or plebeians. 

 They were the descendants of the 

 original citizens, whereas the 

 plebeians were the descendants of 

 those who joined the community 

 later. They had the monopoly of 

 the priestly offices, had the ex- 

 clusive right of interpreting the 

 law and giving decisions, and alone 

 were eligible for the republican 

 magistrates, while the senate was 

 recruited almost exclusively from 

 their ranks. 



A long and bitter struggle was 

 waged by the plebeians (q.v.) to 

 break down these privileges. This 

 was at last successful, and from 

 about 300 the patricians survived 

 only as an aristocracy of birth. In 



