PATRICK 



Koman 



Kiii|>in- the ili'.'Mity wan revived MA 

 personal h-Mn. iimi conferred upon 

 eminent |MT.-.I.II;I U >I-H In the free 

 cities of tin- H"!v Unman Kmpm- 

 the term was applied to member* 



lie* i-iititlnl to represent*- 



1 1.-- < -oimeil, and waa still 



BO used in the 19th century in the 



Hanaeatic town* and tome Swiss 



canton*. *,, Plebeian; Rome. 



Patrick (<. :S7-4U3) I'atron 

 saint i.f Ireland. * He wa bom 



ly near Dumlnirton, Scot- 

 lam!, at Kilpattick. In* fat her being 



:in named Calphurniu*. \u> 

 mother Conchessa being of British 

 oriL'in. Irish raiders carried him 

 into servitude in Antrim at the 

 age of 16, but, escaping, he became 

 a monk at Tours, was ordained 

 priest by S. Germain of Auxerre, 

 was entrusted by Pope Celcatine 1 

 with the conversion of Ireland, and 

 went to Wicklow in 433. In spite 

 of hostility, he made his way 

 t<> Meat h, and there met Laog- 

 haire, king of Ireland, at Tara, 

 where he baptized large numbers. 

 He worked for seven years in 

 Connaught and preached in the 

 other provinces, founding numer- 

 ous churches, religious houses, 

 and bishoprics. A famous inci- 

 dent recorded of his early labours 

 was the plucking of a shamrock to 

 illustrate the doctrine of the 

 Trinity. Croagh Patrick, at Clew 



nd the island in Lough Dcrg, 

 co. Donegal, were among his places 

 of retreat for meditation and devo- 

 tion. S. Patrick died at Saul, near 

 Downpatrick, according to some 

 authorities, on March 17, 493, 

 though the year is given by the 

 Bollandists as 460. His literary 

 remains are the valuable Confes- 

 sion, preserved at Dublin, and the 

 Letter to Coroticus. See Lives, Dr. 

 J. H. Todd, 1864 ; J. B. Bury, 1905. 

 Patricroft. Town of Lanca- 

 shire, England. It is 5 m. from 

 Manchester, with a station on the 

 L. & N.W. Rly. The Britannia iron 

 foundry here was established by 

 James Nasmyth. Pop. 15,000. 



Patrington. Town of York- 

 shire, England. It is in the East 

 Riding, 14 m. by rly. S.E. of Hull, 

 and has a trade in seed, corn, and 

 coal. In 1916 the board of agri- 

 culture acquired, for the purpose 

 of a land settlement colony of 

 ex-service men, an estate of 2,363 

 acres in the district. Pop. 1,150 

 See Land Settlement. 



Patriotic Fund. General term 

 for funds raised by public subscrip- 

 tion for the relief of sailors and sol- 

 diers wounded in war, and their 

 dejK'iidenta. In the 19th century 

 severnl such funds were started, 

 the first being that connected with 

 Lloyd's, 1803-26, when over 



6007 



PATTERSON 



S. Patrick, the patron isunt o! 

 Ireland 



from * ttttriting ly J. W. Cook 



600,000 was raised. At the time 

 of the Crimean War the sum raised 

 for similar purposes amounted 

 to nearly 1,500,000. From 1880 

 charges of maladministration of the 

 funds began to be made, and finally 

 an Act, 1903, transferred all pro- 

 perty, duties, liabilities, etc., to 

 a body called the Royal Patriotic 

 Fund Corporation, established in 

 1904. The office is at 17, Waterloo 

 Place, S.W. 



Patripassians (Lat. pater pa- 

 #u, suffering Father). Followers 

 of an early form of the heresy 

 known as Sabellianism (q.v.). It 

 arose in the 2nd century, and its 

 main contention was that God the 

 Father became man, and died on 

 the Cross, and that Christ, so far as 

 He was flesh, was Son, and, so far 

 as He was spirit or God, was the 

 Father. Patripassianism was a de- 

 velopment of Monarchianism (7. r. ). 



Patrol. Small detachment of 

 troops or other military forces, 

 which moves about a given area for 

 purposes of reconnaissance or to 

 guard against surprise. -See Cavalry ; 

 Outpost. 



Patron (Lat. palronus, from 

 pater, father). Originally, a Roman 

 eiti/.en who had freed or manu- 

 mitted a slave, the term expressing 

 the new relation between master 

 and freedman. The patron by the 

 act of manumission did not lose all 

 rights over his former slave, who 

 owed him the obedience of a son. 

 In addition, patron and freedman 

 were under mutual obligations of a 

 stringent character. From this 

 arose the practice among the im- 

 pecunious of seeking the favour of 

 an influential man whose clients or 



liecame, and who 

 accepted the title of p. 



f in the protection of th<- 

 taints brought the practice of 

 ilar saint* as 

 patrons of churched, guild 

 a* well as of individual*. 



Patronage. Lite-rally, that 

 \vlndi ,-i pat ion fan give, a favour 

 of Home kind. Patronage i* of two 

 chief kin- U The rijfht to bestow 

 benefice* in the Chun h of Kngland 

 i- known as patronage, whether it 

 is exercised by bishops or laymen. 

 Political patronage, i.e. the right 

 to appoint persona to office* of 

 state, i* much less extensive than 

 it was formerly, but there i* still 

 a good deal of it, practically every 

 ruler and minister of state having 

 some. In the United Kingdom the 

 existing office of patronage secre- 

 tary to the treasury is a reminder 

 of its past importance. See Bene- 

 fice ; Ecclesiastical Law. 



Patten ( Fr. pntin, clog). Wooden 

 shoe or clog with an iron ring or 

 thick sole to raise the foot out of 

 the mud. They were worn in the 

 15th century for cleanly walking 

 in the badly kept streets, and sur- 

 vived as chopines through the next 

 two centuries. They are still worn 

 in Lancashire and rural districts of 

 England, and by washerwomen. 

 See Boots, col. plate. 



Pattenmakers ' Company , 

 THK. 1. on< Ion city livery company. 

 Its origin was a fellowship of clog- 

 makers which 

 flourished in the 

 15th century, 

 hurch of S. 

 Margaret Pat- 

 tens, Eastcheap, 

 is said to mark 

 the old centre of 

 the industry. 

 The Patten- 

 makers were 

 first incorporated by charter, Aug. 

 2, 1670. The office is at the Guild- 

 hall, E.C. See The Worshipful 

 Company of Pattenmakers, G. 

 Lambert, 1890. 



Patterson, SIB JAMES BROWN 

 (1833-95). Australian politician. 

 Born at Link Hall. Northumber- 

 land, Nov. 18, 

 1833, he was 

 educated at 

 Almvk'k, and 

 in 1852 went to 

 Australia. In 

 1870 he M* 

 chosen a mem- 

 b e r of the 

 state legis- 

 lature, an. 1 Sir J. B. Pattenon, 

 president Aurtralian politician 

 of the board of lands, 1875, hold- 

 ing office only a few months. He 

 returned to office in 1877 as pre- 

 sident of the same board and 



Pattenmakers' 

 Company arms 



