a spot a little south of Rome, the 

 scene of his beheading is shown ; 

 and in the near neighbourhood the 

 splendid church of S. Paul-outside- 

 the-Walls is a memorial to his 

 influence. But this is far more 

 amply secured in other ways. 

 Among both the thinkers and the 

 workers of the world he occupies a 

 lofty place, and he has been called 

 the second founder of Christianity. 



Bibliography. The Student's Life 

 of S. Paul, G. H. Gilbert, 1899 ; S. 

 Paul the Traveller and Roman 

 Citizen, W. M. Ramsay, 5th ed. 

 1900 ; Life and Work of S. Paul, 

 F. W. Farrar, rev. ed. 1902 ; The 

 Story of S. Paul, B. W. Bacon, 

 1905 ; The Religious Experience of 

 S. Paul, P. Gardner, 1911 ; Studies 

 of Paul and his Gospel, A. E. 

 Garvie, 1911; Life of S. Paul, J. 

 Stalker, rev. ed. 1912 ; The Teaching 

 of S. Paul in Terms of the Present 

 Day, W. M. Ramsay, 1913; Paul, 

 the Interpreter of Christ, A. T. 

 Robertson, 1921 ; Jesus and Paul, 

 B. W. Bacon, 1921. 



Paul. Name of five popes. Paul 



I succeeded his brother Stephen 



II in May, 757. He associated him- 

 self with the Frankish king Pepin, 

 and entered into friendly relations 

 with the emperor of the East. He 

 died June 28, 767. 



Paul II (1417-71). Pope from 

 1464-71. A Venetian and the 

 nephew of Eugenius IV, Pietro 

 Barbo aban- 

 doned a secu- 

 lar career on 

 the elevation 

 of his uncle to 

 the papal 

 throne (1431). 

 He was cre- 

 ated cardinal 

 in 1440, and 

 was elected 

 pope in suc- 

 cession to Pius 

 II. As Paul II he instituted the 

 carnival at Rome, built the palace 

 now known as the Palazzo di 

 Venezia, and was a patron of the 

 arts. He died July 26, 1471. 



Paul III (1468-1549). Pope 

 from 1534-49. Born Feb. 29, 

 1468, of an ancient Roman family, 

 Alessandro 

 Farnese stud- 

 ied first at 

 Rome and 

 afterwards at 

 Florence, 

 where his 

 association 

 with the court 

 of the Medici 

 laid the found- 

 ations of his 

 career. He was made cardinal in 

 1493 by Alexander VI, and in- 

 creased in favour under successive 

 popes. On his election to the 

 papacy he was bishop of Ostia. 



Paul II, 

 Pope 1464-71 



Paul III, 

 Pope 1534-49 



Paul IV, 

 Pope 1555-59 



6O1 O 



The pontificate of Paul III coin- 

 cided with the movement known 

 as the Counter-Reformation. 



He afforded material assistance to 

 the emperor in his struggle against 

 the Protestant princes of the 

 Schmalkalden League, but Charles 

 V's methods of compromise created 

 a breach between them which was 

 never healed. The general council 

 met at Trent in December, 1545, 

 but an outbreak of the plague led 

 to its adjournment to Bologna, and 

 subsequently, as a result of the 

 emperor's demand for its return to 

 German territory, the pope inde- 

 finitely suspended its meetings. 

 Paul III died Nov. 10, 1549. 



Paul IV (1476-1559). Pope 

 from 1555-59. Born near Bene- 

 vento, June 28, 1476, a member of 

 the Caraffa 

 family, Gio- 

 vanni Pietro 

 was ordained, 

 and in 1524 

 resigned h i e 

 benefices t o 

 enter a religi- 

 ous order 

 founded by S. 

 C a j e t a n. 

 Picked out 

 by "Paul III 

 for the work of reform, Caraffa was 

 in 1536 made cardinal, and after- 

 wards archbishop of Naples. He 

 was elected pope in his 80th year. 

 The chief feature of Paul IV's ponti- 

 ficate was an implacable opposition 

 to Spain, which prompted his war 

 with Philip II, his alliance with 

 France, and the enrichment of his 

 worthless nephews with possessions 

 taken from the Colonna family, who 

 supported the Spanish interest. 

 He reorganized the Inquisition, 

 before which he caused to be 

 summoned even eminent clerics, on 

 the bare suspicion of heresy. 

 Paul IV died Aug. 18, 1559. 



Paul V (1552-1621). Pope from 

 1605-21. Born at Rome, Sept. 17, 

 1552, Camillo, a member of the 

 noble Borg- 

 hese family, 

 studied law at 

 Perugia and 

 Padua. He 

 was created 

 cardinal by 

 Clement VIII 

 in 1596, and 

 elected pope 

 in succession 

 to Leo XI. 

 The chief event of his reign was 

 his quarrel with Venice. In Eng- 

 land the pope forbade Catholic 

 subjects to take the oath of 

 allegiance demanded by James 1. 

 Paul V died Jan. 28, 1621 . See Life, 

 T. A. Trollope, 1861 ; History of the 

 Papacy, M. Creighton, 1903 ; His- 



Paul V, 

 Pope 1605-21 



tory of the Popes, L.v. Pastor, Eng. 

 trans. F. I. Antrobus, 1891-1912. 



Paul I (1754-1801). Tsar of 

 Russia. He was born Oct. 1, 1754, 

 the son of Catherine the Great and 

 Peter III, who 

 had such an 

 aversion for 

 him that he 

 refused to 

 a c k n owledge 

 him. After 

 the murder of 

 Peter, in 1762, 

 Catherine 

 seized the 

 throne, * a n d 

 Paul led an 

 obscure existence until her death. 

 Paul began his reign by banishing 

 the counsellors of Catherine. H( 

 joined the allied powers againsl 

 Napoleon, and later entered into an 

 alliance with Napoleon in order to 

 crush the Bourbons. On March 23, 

 1801, he wa.s assassinated. 



Paul OF SAMOSATA. Third cen 

 tury heretic. Born at Samosata, 

 on the Euphrates, he was ap- 

 pointed bishop of Antioch about 

 260. He was condemned foi 

 heresy by the council of Antioch ii 

 264, and was deposed from hii 

 bishopric five years later. But the 

 influence of Zenobia of Palmyn 

 maintained him in his position ti~ 

 272. He taught that the Word 

 was not made flesh, but merely 

 manifested Itself in Christ without 

 making Him divine. In his view, 

 the Trinity was merely a triple 

 form of manifestation of God. 



Paul et Virginia. Story by 

 Bernardin de Saint-Pierre. It was 

 first published in 1789 as one of 

 his Studies of Nature. The scene is 

 laid in the island of Mauritius, and 



Paul et Virginia, the lovers in the ro- 

 mance by Bernardin de Saint-Pierre 



From a painting by P. A. Col 



