PAUNCEFOTE 



at Monte Cassino, a Benedictine 

 abbey where he had lived for some 

 time. He was known to Charle- 

 magne, and was one of those who 

 helped in the 8th century revival of 

 learning. The reputation of Paulus 

 rests on his History of the Lom- 

 bards. A Latin chronicle, it tells 

 the story of the Lombards down to 

 747, and about the relations be- 

 tween the Franks and the Lom- 

 bards is the most valuable au- 

 thority extant. Other writers con- 

 tinued it. It was first printed in 

 1514, and has been translated into 

 English and other languages. 



Pauncefote, JULIAN PAUNCE- 

 FOTE, BARON (1828-1902). British 

 diplomatist. Born in Munich, 

 Sept. 13, 1828, 

 he was edu- 

 cated at Marl- 

 borough and 

 abroad, be- 

 came a barris- 

 ter, and after 

 practising i n 

 London was 

 attorney - gen- 

 Baron Pauncefote, eral of Hong 

 British diplomatist Kong, 1865- 



Ellioll & Fry 72> jj e was 



then chief justice of the Leeward 

 Islands, returning to England to 

 become under-secretary at the 

 colonial office. In 1876 he was 

 transferred to the foreign office, and 

 became its permanent under-secre- 

 tary in 1882. In 1889 he was sent 

 to the U.S.A. as minister, and he re- 

 mained there until his death. He 

 had much to do with settling the 

 Bering Sea fishing dispute, with 

 the question of the Venezuelan 

 boundary, and with the attempts 

 at an arbitration treaty. He re- 

 presented Britain at the first Hague 

 Conference, and did much to estab- 

 lish the court of arbitration there. 

 In 1893 he was given the rank of 

 ambassador, and in 1899 was made 

 a peer. He died at Washington, 

 May 24, 1902. when the title be- 

 came extinct. 



Pauperism (Lat. pauper, a poor 

 person ). State of dependence upon 

 the community through lack of the 

 ordinary means of subsistence. 



In ancient Greece the mainten- 

 ance of the poor was a matter of 

 state concern, and in the early 

 days of the Roman republic strin- 

 gent legislation attempted to limit 

 personal wealth within reason- 

 able bounds. The sale of grain to 

 the populace at low prices, and, at 

 last, its free distribution, marked 

 the decadence of the state, and 

 assisted its downfall. 

 ' Feudalism involved the depend- 

 ence of the serf upon his lord for 

 maintenance, and the Church be- 

 came throughout the Middle Ages 

 the greatest almsgiver by the 



6O1 2 



channel of rich religious houses. 

 When these fell, the poor as well 

 as education suffered from the 

 blow. But long before this event 

 vagabondage had been a crying 

 evil in England. Repressive meas- 

 ures were tried in vain. In 1349 the 

 giving of alms to able-bodied 

 vagrants was made punishable by 

 imprisonment. In 1388 some pro- 

 vision was made for the helpless 

 poor. Compulsory contributions 

 for their support (by way of 

 " voluntary " gifts) commenced in 

 1535, the duty of relief and of 

 finding work for the able-bodied 

 being put upon every parish, while 

 the " sturdy beggar " had no 

 mercy shown him. 



The law of 1601, which forms 

 the basis of the English poor-law 

 system, taxed every inhabitant of 

 a parish for the relief of the poor, 

 and instituted the appointment of 

 overseers by the justices. As time 

 went on, abuses crept into the 

 operation of this Act, and various 

 attempts were made to amend it, 

 notably in 1723, when the work- 

 house system was favoured. Out- 

 door relief was again general by 

 the end of the 18th century, and 

 the burden on the rates became in- 

 tolerable, amounting in 1820 to 

 well over 7,000,000. In 1832 a 

 commission was appointed to make 

 full inquiry into the working of the 

 existing law, and its report, which 

 condemned the crying abuse of out- 

 door relief, and censured the work- 

 house administration, resulted in 

 the Poor Law Amendment Act of 

 1834. This effected important 

 changes in administration, which 

 resulted in a large decrease in the 

 numbers applying for relief, i.e. 

 under strict workhouse discipline, 

 and also reduced the expenditure 

 on poor relief by one-third within 

 three years. 



Able-bodied paupers are relieved 

 in the workhouse, where they must 

 do some work in return for food and 

 lodging. They must also be em- 

 ployed in no other way, thus check- 

 ing the old evil of relief in aid of 

 wages, which after the Napoleonic 

 Wars frequently involved the 

 anomaly that the pauper was 

 better off than the ordinary lab- 

 ourer who was in employment. 

 Special provision is made for the 

 sick and infirm, and children, as 

 well as for pauper lunatics. In 

 Scotland and Ireland similar but 

 separate systems of relief are in 

 force, though in Scotland no relief 

 is given to able-bodied adults. 

 U.S.A. practice is also based on 

 the great Act of 1601. See Poor 

 Law; Settlement. 



Pausanias. Spartan general. 

 After the death of his father Cleom- 

 brotus (480 B.C. ), he acted as regent 



for Pleistarchus, the son of Leoni- 

 das, and hence is sometimes errone- 

 ously called king of Sparta. In 479 

 he was appointed to the command 

 of the combined Greek force which 

 defeated the Persians at Plataea 

 (q.v.). He then captured Byzantium, 

 whence the Persians threatened the 

 Aegean Sea, but, impressed with 

 the magnificence of the Persian 

 empire, Pausanias made overtures 

 to Xerxes, offering to assist him in 

 the subjugation of Greece, and ask- 

 ing the hand of his daughter. 

 Xerxes received his overtures fav- 

 ourably, and Pausanias began to 

 treat the representatives of the 

 allied states with such arrogance 

 that they transferred their alle- 

 giance from Sparta to Athens. 



Meanwhile suspicion had been 

 aroused, Pausanias was recalled to 

 Sparta, and twice stood his trial for 

 treason,- He was acquitted on each 

 occasion, but an intercepted letter 

 to the Persian monarch placed his 

 guilt beyond doubt. After an un- 

 successful attempt to provoke a 

 Helot revolt, Pausanias took refuge 

 in a temple, which was walled up 

 with a view to starving him to 

 death. At the last moment, in 

 order that the sacred place might 

 not be polluted by his death, he 

 was brought out of the temple, 

 and expired, c. 471. 



Pausanias (c. A.D. 150). Greek 

 traveller and geographer. Perhaps 

 a native of Lydia, he travelled ex- 

 tensively in Greece, embodying the 

 results of his journeys in a work in 

 10 volumes, The Itinerary of 

 Greece. It is a gazetteer of Greece, 

 in which the author chronicles 

 what he has seen with his own eyes, 

 with observations on points of his- 

 torical, antiquarian, mythological, 

 or artistic interest. His work is 

 written chiefly from a religious 

 point of view, which explains his 

 attitude towards the monuments 

 of ancient art, temples and shrines 

 receiving special attention. Modern 

 research largely confirms the accu- 

 racy of the Itinerary. Pausanias 

 travelled also in Egypt, Syria, Pal- 

 estine, and Italy. There are trans- 

 lations by A. R. Shilleto, 1886, and 

 J. G. Frazer, 1898, and one in 

 the Loeb Classical Library, 1918. 



Pause. In music, a sign placed 

 over a note or rest to indicate that 

 it is to be sustained ad libitum 

 b e y o n d its ^ 



written value. 

 It is also used 

 for a rest. 



Pavane (Ital. pavano, from Lat. 

 pavo, peacock). Stately dance tune 

 in duple time, joining with the gal- 

 Hard in the earliest kind of suite. 

 One of the oldest on record w given 

 in Arbeau's Orchesographie, with 

 words, as follows, for the pavane. 



