PAVLOVO 



6O1 4 



PAXIUBA PALM 



Theatre. After performing in Lon- 

 don for a number of years she 

 toured in America and returned to 

 England, where she made her home 

 at Hampstead. She resumed her 

 performances in London in 1921. 



Pavlovo. Town of central 

 Russia. It is in the govt. of Nijni- 

 Novgorod, on the river Oka. It is 

 one of the most important indus- 

 trial centres of Russia, and is called 

 the Russian Sheffield. There are 

 factories of locks, knives, and all 

 kinds of ironware, also important 

 soapworks. Pop. 20,000. 



Pavlovsk. Town of Central 

 Russia. It is in the govt., and 

 90 m. S.E., of Voronezh, and stands 

 near the junction of the Don and 

 the Ossereda. The making of soap, 

 candles, and bricks are the chief in- 

 dustries, and it has a trade in cattle, 

 cereals, and tallow. Pop. 8,000. 



Pavlovsk. Town of N. W. Russia. 

 In the govt., and 18 m. S., of 

 Petrograd, with which it is con- 

 nected by rly., it is on the river 

 Slavianka. It is surrounded by a 

 park, adorned with Greek temples, 

 and was a favourite summer re- 

 sort of well-to-do Petrograd citi- 

 zens. The chateau contains a 

 valuable collection of Roman art 

 treasures. Pop. 8,400. 



Pavo OR PEACOCK. In astronomy, 

 one of the ancient southern con- 

 stellations named by Bayer. It 

 possesses several double stars, 

 notably Zeta Pavonis. 



Pawnbroker. Person licensed 

 to lend money at interest on the 

 security of articles deposited with 

 him. The origin of pawnbroking 

 may be traced to very early times, 

 both in Europe and in Asia. In 

 Christendom, however, the practice 

 was philanthropic in character, 

 rather than commercial, since the 

 mont de piiti was originally an 

 Italian institution, supported by 

 the popes, and based on loans to 

 the poor, free of interest. Various 

 attempts were made, the earliest 

 in 1361, to introduce this benevo- 

 lent system into other countries, 

 but in the end interest was every- 

 where charged by pawnbrokers, 

 though the rates had to be strictly 

 controlled by legislation. 



Pawnbroking and banking often 

 went together, and in England, in 

 the reign of Edward I, certain 

 Italian traders gamed a foothold on 

 or near the site of Lombard Street. 

 The origin of the three golden balls 

 as the pawnbroker's sign is doubt- 

 ful; it is at any rate improbable that, 

 as one story goes, they are derived 

 from the arms of the Medici, though 

 that family gained much power by 

 profitable loan transactions with 

 needy potentates. The Lombards 

 enjoyed their monopoly of pawn- 

 broking until exorbitant charges 



Anna Pavlova, the Russian dancer, 

 in characteristic Russian bead-dress 



brought their expulsion in the 

 reign of Elizabeth, and the first 

 year of her successor brought the 

 fi rst controlling legislation. Further 

 regulating Acts were passed in 

 1756, 1783, 1800, 1856, 1859, and 

 1860, and these were consolidated 

 in the Act of 1872, on which the 

 existing law is based. 



On small loans of 10 and under, 

 the rates of interest are fixed; 

 on sums of 10s. and under, the 

 pawnbroker's charge is d. for the 

 ticket, and interest at $d. per 

 calendar month on each florin or 

 part of a florin ; between 10s. and 

 40s., the charges are Id. for the 

 ticket, and d. a month per florin ; 

 while on larger sums up to 10 the 

 charge for the ticket is Id., and 

 the interest d. per half-crown. 

 Special contracts, however, may be 

 made with loans exceeding 40s. 



Every pawnbroker must take 

 out an annual licence at a cost of 

 7 10s., with an additional charge 

 of 5 15s. for permission to deal in 

 plate. He must also display his 

 rates of interest, and keep his 

 books in good order. The Act also 

 sets out certain things which the 

 pawnbroker must not do, e.g. take 

 an article in pawn from an in- 

 toxicated person. 



Pledges may be redeemed at any 

 time within one year and seven 

 days, on production of the pawn- 

 ticket and payment of the loan and 

 accrued interest. Articles un- 

 redeemed within the specified term, 

 if of less value than 10s., become 

 the absolute property of the pawn- 

 broker ; if worth more than 10s., 

 they may be retained on pledge, or 

 sold by public auction. Full 

 records of all articles sold must be 

 kept for three years for inspection 

 on demand by the holder of the 



ticket, who may also demand from 

 the pawnbroker, within the same 

 period, any sum received from the 

 sale in excess of the charges due, 

 and the expenses of the sale. If the 

 sale results in a deficit, the pawn- 

 broker may sue for the difference. 



Pawnbrokers are liable in certain 

 circumstances for loss by fire, or 

 damage to pledges in their possess- 

 ion. They also have to exercise 

 great caution with regard to goods 

 which may have been stolen. If 

 they accept goods knowing them 

 to have been stolen, they are 

 punishable as receivers ; if they 

 have acted in good faith, and the 

 articles are proved to be stolen 

 property, it is their duty to assist 

 the police to the best of their 

 power. See Banking ; Mont de 

 Piete. 



Pawnee. Confederacy of North 

 American Indian tribes, formerly 

 in Nebraska. Taking part in the 

 Caddoan migration from the S.W., 

 they came into contact with the 

 Algonquins, who enslaved their 

 captives, and in the 17th century 

 bartered them to the white colon- 

 ists. Hence Pawnee came to denote 

 any aboriginal slave. In 1906 they 

 numbered, in Oklahoma, 649. 



Pawtucket. City of Rhode 

 Island, U.S.A., in Providence co. 

 It stands at the head of navigation 

 on both banks of the Pawtucket 

 river, 4 m. N. of Providence, and on 

 the New York, New Haven, and 

 Hartford Rly. Pawtucket Falls, 

 50 ft. high, provide considerable 

 water power. Samuel Slater estab- 

 lished here in 1790 the first cotton 

 factory in the U.S.A. The city is 

 noted for its textile manufactures 

 of all materials and varieties, and 

 there are many dyeing, bleaching, 

 and finishing works. Dating from 

 1765, the city grew by reason of 

 changes in administrative bound- 

 aries, 1828-1874, and received its 

 charter in 1886. Pop. 64,200. 



Paxiuba Palm (Iriartea ven- 

 tricosa) OK ZANONA PALM. Tall tree 

 of the natural order Palmae. It is 

 a native of the Amazons and 





Paxiiiba Palm. Head of leaves ; 

 inset : left, fruit ; right, aerial roots 



