PECTIN 



The 



valve*, wli.h 

 have i 

 an unequal 

 pair df . 



expansions at 

 tin- luiit-c, are 

 v a r i <> 

 i i l> i.i'd and 

 Mgfath 

 oared. The 

 .uiirn.il diM-s not use its foot for 

 locomotion, young specimens flit- 

 , tin- water like lutt. i 

 Hies by opening and closing the 

 valves, and when older att. 

 themselves to rocks, etc., by byssal 

 threads spun \>\ tin- ! 



Pectin. Celaiiin.iis substance 

 found in fruits, as apples and goose- 

 ami in ilrshy roots, an car- 

 rote and beets. It is this body 

 \\lin li cauecs jams made from 

 fruits to set into a jelly. To supply 

 the natural deficiency in straw- 

 berries, cherries, etc., the manu- 

 facturer of jams sometimes adds 

 other gelatinising materials, or 

 combines apple and gooseberry 

 pulp with fruits deficient in pec- 

 tose bodies. Pectin has a nutritious 

 value similar to that of starch. 



Pectoral (Lat. pectus, breast). 

 Object worn or laid upon the 

 breast. Ancient Roman bronze 

 breast pint M 

 and in' 

 horse peytrels 

 \vere defensive. 

 The Israelitish 

 high-priest's 



jewelled pCC- 



toral (Trim 



and Thum- 



mim) and the 



Christian pec- 



toral cross 



were ritual. 



In ancient 



Egypt a pylon- 



shaped ornamented plaque was 



placed upon the breast of the em- 



balmed body. See Breastplate. 



Peculiar (Lat. peculiar u, one's 

 own). Ecclesiastical law term for 

 a parish or church that is not 

 subject to the jurisdiction of the 

 ordinary or bishop of the diocese. 

 Some of these, like the Chapels 

 Royal and Westminster Abbey, are 

 royal peculiars under the direct 

 control of the sovereign, while 

 others were subject to the arch- 

 bishop or to the greater abbeys. 

 Before the Reformation there were 

 about 300 such peculiars in Eng- 

 land, but they have now been 

 largely alwlished. The court of 

 peculiars in a branch of the court of 

 arches. See Ecclesiastical IAW. 



Peculiar People. Protestant 

 sect, founded in 1838 by .lolm 

 Banyard. Found mainly in Kent 

 and the E. counties <! Ki. 



Pectoral Grots, as 



used in the Church 



of England 



By courltiy of <A< 

 Warkam Guild 



6023 



their conspicuous ten< ' < then 

 refusal to make use of medic* ' 



in. -ii' in CAM of sicknesM. air 



i- on prayer and anoint mu 

 with il to effect a cure. 



PedAfOfM (Gr. pain, boy ; agrin, 

 to lead). Term used f 



meaning wan th > 



slave w - master's ch i M nil 



i it come* peda- 

 gogics as a N vn. 'ii vm 

 teaching. Sv Kducat 



Pedal (Lat. pedali*. pertaining 

 to the fni.t ). < hi ii l>n M le, the part 

 attache I o the cranks. On them 

 the feet of the tidi-r rest, and by 

 them he brings force to bear upon 

 tin- cranks, which in turn oper- 

 ate the gear wheel. Pedals for 

 ordinary m.-nl tiding are generally 

 I with rubber, but for racing 

 machines for use on road or track, 

 si. .I teethed ones are employed, to 

 which toe-clips are often affixed, 

 HO that the feet may not slip when 

 travelling fast. See Cycling. 



Pedal. Mechanism of musical 

 instruments. Pedals are of vari- 

 ous lands. (1) On the pianoforte 

 they are two levers for the feet, 

 of which the one on the right lifts 

 the dampers and allows the tone to 

 In- sustained as long as the strings 



will naturally vibrate; the mi i 



t he left softens the tone (a) by shift- 

 ing the action, sometimes inrlu Imu 

 the keyboard, so that only one or 

 two strings are struck by each 

 hammer in place of the usual three ; 

 (b) by shortening the blow of the 

 hammers ; (c) by placing a strip of 

 felt between the hammers and 

 the strings. (2) On the harp are 

 foot levers to raise the pitch of the 

 strings a tone or semitone. (3) On 

 the organ there are (a) long wooden 

 keys for the feet, similar to those 

 of the manuals, controlling the 

 deepest toned pipes ; (b) levers 

 moving the swell shutters ; (c) 

 levers controlling groups of stops, 

 known as composition, or combina- 

 tion, pedals. See Organ ; Pianoforte. 



Pedal Point. In music, a note 

 that is sustained regardless of any 

 changes of harmony. It is generally 

 in the bass, but may be placed in 

 any part, especially the top, when 

 it is known as an inverted pedal : 



u - i-11-.tomary for a pedal 

 an- the tonic or the dominant, 

 which may be used together, form- 

 ing the so-called pastoral pedal. 

 It is subject to certain restrictions. 

 Modulation is not allowed save in 

 instances where the tonic is thus 



PEOESTRIANISM 



turned into the dominant m 

 vena, and it may not be quitted 

 unit** it happens to form part of 

 the chord. Owing to iU frequent 

 employment in organ mui< the 

 ' forgot. 



Peddar Way. Traditional 

 name for the bent preserved Roman 

 road in East Angus. Traceable for 

 12 m. from . th, Suffolk, 



H kham Heath, Norfolk, it 

 runs thence almo-t -traight for 33 

 m. through Castle Acre to Ring- 

 stead. Here it turns and con- 

 tinues to the Roman camp near 

 Hrancaster. Set Britain. 



Peden, AI.KXANDER (c. 1626-86). 

 He became 



mini-tir of \. w Luce, Galloway, 

 in 1660, wa ejected 1662, and 

 thereafter won a reputation as a 

 wandering preacher-prophet. He 

 visited Ireland, was imprisoned on 

 the Bass Rock, 1673-78, and died at 

 Sorn, Jan. 28, 1686. Buried at 

 Auchinleek, his body was disin- 

 terred by dragoons and buried 

 again at the foot of the gallows at 

 Cum nock. .See Covenanters; consult 

 also Six Saints of the Covenant, P. 

 \Valker,1901 ; Men of the Covenant, 

 A. Smellic, 1903. 



Pedestal. Term in architecture, 

 (q.v.) denoting a block set under a 

 column, to raise the latter above 

 the ground level of a building ; it 

 is also used of a supporting mem- 

 ber for a statue or ornamental 

 vase. Classical columns were some- 

 times raised on square pedestals, 

 and the 16th century builders in 

 Italy freely employed this device. 



Pedestrianism (Lat pedestris, 

 going on foot). Art of walking. It 

 may be regarded as including (1) 

 walking races over relatively short 

 distances, in which the competitor 

 matches his speed, staying power, 

 and judgement against other com- 

 petitors; (2) long distance walks, 

 lasting many days, in which the 

 competitor or competitors natch 

 themselves against the clock. 



Short distance walking races, i.e. 

 races completed without a break, 

 may be over any distance between 

 one mile and a hundred. The re- 

 cord for the shorter distance is 

 6 mins. 24$ sees., G. Goulding 

 (Canada) ; for the longer, 18 bra. 

 4 mins. 10} sees., T E. Hammond. 

 These races are generally walked 

 on oval -shaped tracks. The most 

 noteworthy road race is on the 

 London to Brighton course. The 

 distance is 51 m. 1,607 yds., and 

 has been covered in 8 hra. 1 1 min-. 

 14 sees, by H. V. L. Rosa in 1909. 

 The long distance walks are gene- 

 rally done on prepared tracks. 



Pedestrian competitions demand 

 the utmost vigilance on the part of 

 judges. The rules are rigid. The 

 walking must be fair heel and toe : 



