PEDICULOSIS 



the foot must come to the ground 

 heel first, with the leg straight. It 

 is a most difficult thing in a close 

 race to avoid the temptation to 

 acquire the extra speed and spring, 

 to say nothing of the relief to the 

 muscles, which comes from bending 

 the knee even for a pace or two. 

 The pioneer name in English pe- 

 destrianism is undoubtedly that of 

 Captain Barclay (q.v. ). 



Pediculosis. Affection of the 

 skin caused by a minute parasite, 

 of which there are three varieties : 



Pediment of the Pantheon, Paris 



the Pediculus capitis or head 

 louse (q.v. ), the P. corporis vel vesti- 

 mentorum or body louse, and the 

 P. pubis or crab louse, which in- 

 fects the pubic hair. Children are 

 more often affected than adults with 

 P. capitis, and girls more than boys 

 owing to their long hair. The sub- 

 sequent itching leads to scratching, 

 whereby severe secondary infec- 

 tions may be produced. The ma- 

 ture parasites are easily got rid of, 

 but the ova are difficult to remove 

 owing to their firm attachment to 

 the hair. In young children the 

 hair should be cut close, and white 

 precipitate ointment applied to the 

 scalp. Paraffin, or a mixture of 

 equal parts of paraffin and olive 

 oil, which kills the parasites and 

 the ova, can be used in the case of 

 girls and women. 



P. corporis is the largest form of 

 the parasite. It lives and lays its 

 eggs in the underclothing, and 

 sucks blood from the skin, produc- 

 ing severe itching, which may lead 

 to serious eruptions on the skin. 

 Sulphur ointment should be ap- 

 plied to the skin, and the affected 

 clothing baked or boiled. P. pubis 

 is smaller than the other forms. 



Pedigree. Tabular representa- 

 tion of descent from a given an- 

 cestor, and of the relation of dif- 

 ferent members of a family. All 

 the members of one generation are 

 placed in a line, and those of the 

 next below. The signs and abbre- 

 viations in common use are : | , 

 signifying descent ; =, placed be- 

 tween two names signifying mar- 

 riage ; J>, signifying the person 

 had posterity ; s. and h., son and 

 heir ; dau., daughter ; coh., co- 

 heir ; w., wife; s. p., sine prole, 

 without issue ; v.p., vita palris, 

 in his father's lifetime ; b., born ; 

 d., died ; dep., deposed. Dates 

 and other particulars are added 



6024 



when possible, and occasionally a 

 male is indicated by a small square, 

 a female by a diamond. Shields of 

 arms, impaled or quartered, are 

 often added to show alliances. The 

 word is probably derived from the 

 French pied de grue, crane's foot, 

 in allusion to the claw-like marks 

 denoting succession. See Bourbon ; 

 Genealogy. 



Pediment (formerly periment, 

 perhaps a corruption of pyramid). 

 In classic architecture, the trian- 

 gular crown of a portico at the 

 front or rear of 

 a building. The 

 space within the 

 triangle is called 

 the tympanum 

 (q.v.), and is often 

 filled with sculp- 

 ture. The term is 

 also used of simi- 

 lar formations 



over doors and windows. In Gothic 

 architecture the height of a pedi- 

 mentequals, or exceeds.its breadth, 

 and it is then known as a gable 

 (q.v. ). Otherwise, the ordinary 

 pediment is enclosed by the long 

 horizontal line following that of the 

 cornice and two raking lines of 

 equal length meeting over the cen- 

 tre of the latter. See Architecture. 



Pedipalpi. Order of arthropo- 

 dous animals of the class Arach- 

 nida. It consists principally of 

 the whip -scorpions, which differ 

 from the true scorpions in having 

 the head and thorax combined, as 

 in the spiders, from which they 

 differ, however, in having the ab- 

 domen segmented. ^ The feelers 

 (palpi) are more or less developed 

 into nippers (chelae). The first 

 pair of legs are much longer and 

 more slender than the others. 

 There are no poison glands. The 

 animals are found in damp situa- 

 tions in the hotter parts of the 

 world. They are insect-feeders. 



Pedlar. General term for an 

 itinerant vendor of small wares. 

 The word is of uncertain origin, 

 but may be connected with the old 

 and still colloquial ped, a basket. 

 In the United Kingdom a pedlar 

 is one who sells goods, or his skill 

 in handicraft, as tinkering, chair- 

 mending, etc., on foot, without a 

 horse or ass, being thus statutorily 

 distinguished from a hawker, who 

 uses a horse. A pedlar has to ob- 

 tain annually a certificate from the 

 police. The term pedlars' French 

 is applied to the secret jargon of 

 thieves and vagabonds, and so to 

 any meaningless rigmarole. 



Pedometer (Lat. pes, foot ; Gr. 

 metron, measure). Instrument for 

 indicating the number of steps 

 taken in walking, thus enabling 

 the distance covered to be deter- 

 mined. It is usually constructed 



PEDRO I 



in the form of a watch, upon the 

 dial of which are recorded the 

 number of revolutions of a me- 

 chanism actuated by a bob or 

 weight oscillated by the movement 

 of the body, or in some cases by a 

 cord connected with the foot. In 

 some instruments, adjustments are 

 made for any altera- 

 tion in the /^^^\ 1 e n g th of 

 step, thus If jj^ Y| per initting 

 the d i s- \Vi &) t a n ce tra- 



Pedonieter. Diagram illustrating 

 working of ordinary type. See text 



veiled to be determined more 

 accurately. The figure shows the 

 mechanism of an ordinary pedo- 

 meter. A is the pendulum bob 

 which, as it swings, actuates 

 rachet- wheel B by means of pawl a. 

 The motion of B is communicated 

 through a chain of wheels and 

 pinions, c, d, e, /, to the index 

 pointer g, which shows the number 

 of miles walked. H is the stop by 

 which index is returned to zero 

 from any point. 



Pedro (1334-69). King of 

 Castile, called the Cruel. Son of 

 King Alphonso XI, he was born at 

 Burgos, Aug. 30, 1334. By his 

 many crimes, including the torture 

 of his treasurer, Samuel Levi, and 

 the murder by his own hand of 

 Abu Said, usurping king of 

 Granada, and by the suspicious 

 circumstances of his wife's death, 

 he incurred the hatred of his sub- 

 jects; and his illegitimate brother, 

 Don Enrico, known as Henry of 

 Trastamare, invaded Castile with 

 the assistance of French bands 

 commanded by Bertrand du Gues- 

 clin. Pedro fled to Bayonne, where 

 he obtained the help of Edward, 

 prince of Wales, the Black Prince. 

 The Castilian and English troops 

 were victorious at the battle of 

 Navarrete in 1367, but after the 

 Black Prince's departure Don 

 Enrico returned and killed Pedro 

 in a quarrel, March 23, 1369. 



Pedro I (1798-1834). Emperor 

 of Brazil, 1822-31. He was son of 

 John VI of Portugal, and on his 

 father's returning from Brazil to 

 Portugal, 1821, was left as prince- 



