PEMPHIGUS 



Pemphigus (fir. /.,./,/,,/-, i.ui. 

 Mr). Group of oiMMM of ftl 



'I I'V tin- f.> I in. ill. .11 i.f 



or lilelw*. Acute mnli 

 |M-III|.|II>_MIS I.H a diiicaiic IIH-I uith in 

 buti-h- uho handle 



oarcawoa. ('Ironic pi-nip! 

 usually si-en IM rldeily. del., 



persons. The cause i-t mil 

 nipt ion generally ft] 

 ii tin- lips or front Q| tin- 

 it ii a I ly, largo areas of 

 the body may be affected. The 

 disease is serious and in 



/ >irmat it u herjH-t if or in i 

 her form of pemphigus which 



is Mieved to In- sometimes (111.- to 



exj>osure, and to cold and exhaus- 

 tion. Tin- condition is associated 

 with seven- itching. 



Pen. Instrument for 

 with a fluid. The earliest 

 instniini-nts were the brushes of 

 the Chinese and KL'.vptruis, and 

 the stylm of tin- Greeks and 

 Romans. The origin of the quill 

 for writing is uncertain, but it 

 was for many centimes the chief 

 writing instrument, holding its 

 own till the middle of the 19th cen- 

 tury. The constant necessary re- 

 sharpening of quills led to attempts 

 to make them durable by tipping 

 them with various substances and 

 imitating them in metal. 



The first steel pen was made by 

 Wise, of London, in 1803, but they 

 were not a commercial success till 

 Joseph Gillott and others, between 

 1820-30, began their manufacture 

 in an improved form by ma- 

 chinery. The pens are cut from 

 steel sheets into blanks, the latter 

 stamped or pressed into shape, 

 hardened by plunging into hot oil, 

 tempered, polished, and the point 

 divided by a special shearing ma- 

 chine. In all some sixteen processes 

 are required to make an ordinary 

 steel pen or nib. Gold is used for 

 the nibs of fountain pens, as it is 



6O37 



PENAL CODE 



Pembrokeshire. Hap of the south-western county of Wales, containing Milford 

 Haven, the finest natural harbour in the United Kingdom 



more flexible, the points being growth of feathers are pen or pin 



made more durable by the addition feathers of birds, and the spoon - 



of indium. S|>ectal types of pens shaped quill once used for taking 



are used for ruling, duplicating, snuff is a pen. In architecture, a 



lithogriphv, drawing, etc. See pen is a pend or arch. The word 



Fountain Pen; Ink; Writing. 



Pen. Name given to a small en- 

 closure for animals, e.g. a sheep 

 pen. The term is also applied to 

 the animals themselves, in par- 

 ticular in the case of poultry, a pen 

 of poultry being usually a cock and 

 four hens. A small dam in a 

 stream is also called a pen, as is 

 also a female swan : the first 



ttl 



mi 010 







<t 



u 



(en and pen-making. Processes in the manufacture of a steel pen. 1. RolleJ 

 sheet o! steel from which blanks are cut. 2. Scrap metal remaining after 

 blan'ts are cut 3. Blank. 4. Pierced pen. 5. Marked or stamped with maker's 

 nan*. 6. Raised or curved. 7. After hardening. 8. Tempered. 9. Scoured. 

 10. Ground. 11. After point has been slit. 12. Coloured 



Bt tourlnt of Prrr t t Co . IH. 



occurs in many Welsh names, and 

 means a head or headland, corre- 

 sponding to the Scottish Ben, e.g. 

 Penberry, Pencoer Helen, 



Penal Code. Name given to a 

 code of laws concerning crimes and 

 offences and their punishments. 

 The term includes the systematic 

 arrangement of the laws, and most 

 civilized nations have embodied 

 their laws in some such code, the 

 most famous of modern times being 

 the Code Napoleon of France, 

 which has served as a model for the 

 codes of several other European 

 nations. 



.More specifically, the term is used 

 for those penal laws of the 17th and 

 18th centuries which were passed 

 against the Roman Cathotics in 

 England and Ireland. Under these 

 laws Catholics were forbidden from 

 i< quiring land by purchase, and 

 those educated abroad in the 

 t.'atholie faith were debarred from 

 succeeding to real property, their 

 estates passing to the next Pro- 

 testant heir. The most sc\ 

 the (x-iuil laws were abolished in 

 md most were done away 

 with by various Acts in th 

 century. .s> Catholic Emancipa- 

 tion; (.Yiminal Law ; Toleration. 



