PENGUIN 



0041 



PENINSULAR WAR 



are worked from tin- -l,,.i,M.-r with 

 i- m at 



Penguin. Yellow-crowned species. 



found in the Southern Pacific and 



Antarctic Oceans 



the body form a thick, close coat, 

 but these also approach to scales 

 in character. The birds stand 

 perfectly erect, and with their great 

 paddles held loosely at their sides 

 present a grotesque appearance 

 when they assemble in thousands at 

 their breeding places. The Mac- 

 aroni Penguins (Eudyptes) have 

 long, curling crests on their heads. 

 A " Jackass " or braying penguin 

 it found at the Caj>e of Good 

 Hope. Their range extends from 

 the eouator to the Antarctic. 



Penguin. In aeronautics, popu 

 lar name for a type of machine 

 used for training pilots, which had 

 -lipped wings with which it was 

 impossible to fly. The pupil learnt 

 thereon the handling of the con- 

 trols while travelling over the 

 ground at a high speed. The word 

 penguins was used as a nickname 

 tor the members of the Women's 

 Royal Air Force 



PenicuikoR PENNYCTIK. Police 

 Iniru'h :!' Mid!<>tlii.m. Scotland. It 

 stand-i on the N. Esk river, 10 m. 

 from Kdiiiluirgh, with a station on 

 the N.B. Ely. The buildings in- 

 clude the tower of the old rlmtvli 

 of S. Kentigern, and the Cowan 

 Institute. Penicuik House of the 

 18th century contains some ob- 

 jects of historic and other in 

 The name means cuckoo's hill 

 Pop. 2,700. 



Penington, SIK ls\.\r i. 

 Mitil). Lord mayor of London. Son 

 of a wealthy merchant, he turned 

 his attention to p >litir>, /.euloimly 

 et pou-in>_' the pu-itau cause He was 

 elected M.P. for the city in 1640, 

 and quickly became prominent fur 



bis uncompromising speeches. As 

 lord mayor of London. I' 

 raised immense loans in the city 



for hi* par 



was one of the 



nonents of 

 Laud, and 



later sat as a 



. lli!lll--l"!l e t 



tho king, but 

 would not sign 

 the death war- 

 rant In ths Lord M * lf0r o! Condon 

 same year, 1649, he was a member 

 of the council of state. At the 

 Restoration, Penington was brought 

 to trial and condemned to death, 

 I >ut the sentence was commuted, 

 <>rt. 1660, to imprisonment. He 

 died in the Tower, Dec. 17, 1661. 



Sir Isaac's eldest son, Isaac 

 Penington (1616-79). joined the 

 . of Friends and became 

 one of the leading adherents of 

 that form of faith. He wrote a good 

 deal and passed much of bis time 

 in prison, dying Oct. 8, 1679. 



Peninsula (Lat. pene, almost; 

 in.tula, island). Projecting piece of 

 land almost surrounded by water. 

 Peninsulas are commonly formed 

 by the submergence of mountain- 

 ous regions, especially if the moun- 

 tains of the sunken landmass are 

 arranged in long chains, e.g. the 

 Italian, Balkan, and Malay penin- 

 sulas. Most peninsulas point S., 

 the only important exceptions 

 being Yucatan and Jutland. 



Peninsular and Oriental 

 Steamship Company. British 

 steamship line, usually called the 

 P. and O 

 The original 

 Peninsular 

 iiinpany was 

 founded in 

 IS35, and five 

 years later 

 was incorpor- 

 ated under its 

 pie-cut title. 

 From iu in- 

 company has 



P.& 0. Co. Flag. 

 Top, white : bot- 

 tom, yellow ; 

 left, bine; right. 

 red 



oorporatk the . 



held the British government mail 

 contracts to India and Egypt, and 

 in 1852 was given that to Australia. 

 In 1851 the first screw steamer was 

 run, and the line has always kept 

 abreast of modern developments, 

 though the passage through tin- 

 Suez Canal has necessarily limited 

 the size of the vessels. In 1910 the 

 Blue Anchor line was purchased. 



The head ii' ! -'-'. Ix-adt n- 



h.ill Stn-et, l-ondnn. I 



Peninsular War. Struggle 

 carried on by Great Britain as the 

 iillv of Spain ami Portugal against 

 France. l..-t\*.-.-n IM.X 1 l Thi- 

 name was given to it because it w n.- 

 waged in the Iberian peninsula. 



The Spanish people, over whom 

 Napoleon had placed his brother 

 Joseph, rose in revolt, and secured 

 the surrender of a French force at 

 Bayleo in July, 1806. The Portu 

 |MM h.td j'.iii'-l Mi-- BOVWMBk 

 and in Aug., 1808, the directors of 

 Britwh policy, having realized the 

 possibility of striking at France 

 through Spain, sent out Sir A. 

 Wellesley (later duke of Welling- 

 ton). He landed in Portugal with 

 a force of 12,000 men, routed a 

 small army at Rolica. and won a 

 battle at Vimeiro. But Sir Hew 

 Dalrymple, who was in supreme 

 command, restrained an ad 



\ it h Jiinot tho conven- 

 tion of Cintra, by which the French 

 undertook to evacuate Portugal. 

 One reason for Dalrymple's delay 

 was the knowledge that Sir John 

 Moore was on the way to the seat 

 of war with 10,000 men. 



The war continued, however, and 

 Napoleon himself came to Spain. 

 Sir John Moore, now in command, 

 invaded that country, with the 

 intention of cutting the French 

 communications. Orders were given 

 him to join with a force under Sir 

 David Baird, and large armies of 

 Spaniards being in the field, suc- 

 cesses were hoped for. But 

 Napoleon routed the Spanish 

 forces with great rapidity and ease, 

 and advancing towards the British 

 he quickly changed the situation. 

 Having joined Baird and fought a 

 cavalry action at Sahagun, Moore 

 decided to retreat, and followed by 

 the enemy, under Soult, he made 

 his memorable march to Corunna. 

 There, Jan. 16, 1809, he turned and 

 defeated Soult. Moore was killed, 

 but his army was embarked. 



The next stage began with the 

 return of Wellesley, who, in April, 

 1809, landed at Lisbon, fought 

 his way across the Douro, and in 

 July 27, 1809, won the battle of 

 Talavera. Failing to secure the 

 effective cooperation of the Spani- 

 ards, who had lost heavily in a 

 series of battles in their own coun- 

 try, or to secure reinforcements 

 from home, he abandoned Spain. 

 and during the winter of 1809-10 

 constructed the defensive lines of 

 Torres Vedras to cover Lisbon. 

 Drawing the enemy after him, 

 he fell back thereto, tight im: in 

 Sept, 1810. the battle of Busaco. 

 alter which the advancing 1 

 captured the frontier fortresses of 

 Badajoz and Ciudad Rodrigo. 



Wellington, early in 1811, re- 

 turned to the offensive He de- 

 tailed a force to attack Badajoz. 

 and in May won the battle of 

 Fueiites d'Onoro and captured 

 Almeida. Alluiera <|iiicklv followed, 

 but throughout the year Badajoz 

 Hnd Ciudad Rodrigo defied all his 



