PEftlSCOLA 



6043 



PENN 



efforts. In 1812, however, both 

 were stormed, and Wellington 

 entered Spain. In July he won the 

 great battle of Salamanca and oc- 

 cupied Madrid, which was cap- 

 tured, after a first attempt had 

 failed, in Aug., 1812; but an ad- 

 vance of the French armies forced 

 him to fall back to the frontier 

 of Portugal. Following another 

 pause, which he used to reorganize 

 the armies of his Spanish and 

 Portuguese allies, he was successful 

 in June, 1813, at Vittoria. As a 

 result of the greatest battle of the 

 war, the French were driven into 

 their own country. The last stage 

 was the passage of the Pyrenees 

 and the advance into France. 

 There several battles were fought, 

 notably for the possession of San 

 Sebastian. Then in Oct. Welling- 

 ton crossed the Bidassoa and se- 

 cured the fortress of Pampeluna. 

 A strong French position on the 

 Nivelle was the next objective, 

 and it was only after some hard 

 fighting in Dec. that this river was 

 passed. Some desperate fighting 

 for the possession of Bayonne 

 followed. This included the battles 

 of the Nive, four days of combat in 

 Dec., the passage of the Adour, 

 and the battle of Orthez in the 

 following Feb. 



The retreating French next stood 

 before Toulouse, which was entered 

 after another victory in April, 

 when the abdication of Napoleon 

 ended the war. 



The British losses were put down 

 as 36,000. The French lost heavijy, 

 too, while this " running sore," as 

 Napoleon called it, was one of the 

 chief causes of his overthrow. See 

 Albuera ; Badajoz ; Ciudad Rod- 

 rigo ; Wellington, etc. ; consult also 

 History of the War in the Penin- 

 sula and S. of France, Sir W. 

 Napier, new ed. 1886 ; History 

 of the Peninsular War, C. Oman, 

 1902-11. 



Peniscola. Town of Spam, in 

 the prov. of Caste! Ion de la Plana. 

 It stands on the Mediterranean,' 5 

 m. by road S. of Benicarlo and 80 

 m. N.N.E. of Valencia. Built on a 

 rocky islet connected with the 

 mainland by a narrow isthmus, it 

 js called the Gibraltar of Valencia. 

 Originally a Moorish fortress, it 

 was captured by James I of Aragon 

 in 1233. Pop. 3,000. 



Penistone. Market town of 

 Yorkshire (W.R.), England It 

 stands on the Don. 12 m. from 

 Sheffield, on the G.C. and L. & Y. 

 Rlys The church of S. John the 

 Baptist is an old building, and 

 there is a grammar school, founded 

 in 1392. The industries include steel 

 works, saw-mills, and brewing. 

 Stone and coal are worked in the 

 neighbourhood. It gives its name 



to a division returning one member 

 to Parliament. Market day, Thurs. 

 Pop. 3.400. 



Penitentiary. Word used in 

 several senses. Commonly it is 

 synonymous with prison. In the 

 R.C. Church a penitentiary is a 

 priest attached to cathedral 

 churches, whose duty is to deal 

 with the punishment passed on 

 penitents for grave sins. The word 

 is also used for the central office in 

 Rome dealing with such questions, 

 presided over by the grand peni- 

 tentiary. See Prison. 



Penjdeh OK PANJDEH. Village of 

 Turkistan. It stands near the union 

 of the rivers Kushk and Murghab. 

 Here, in March, 1885, an incident 

 occurred which nearly led to war 

 between Great Britain and Russia. 

 The boundary line between Afghan- 

 istan and Russian Turkistan was 

 being marked out, when an Afghan 

 force, having refused to withdraw, 

 was attacked by the Russians and 

 driven away. Great Britain looked 

 at the matter as the protector of 

 Afghan interests, but the excite- 

 ment soon died away. 



Penkridge. Town of Stafford- 

 shire, England. It stands on the 

 river Penk, W. of Cannock Chase, 

 6 m. from Stafford and 134 m. from 

 London. Served by the L. & 

 N.W. Rly., it has an agricultural 

 trade, while stone is quarried in the 

 neighbourhood. The church of S. 

 Michael and All Angels is a fine 

 building ; it was once a collegiate 

 church. Pop. 2,400. 



Penley, WILLIAM SYDNEY (1851- 

 1912). British actor. Born at St. 

 Peter's, Thanet, the son of a school- 

 master, he was 

 educated at his 

 father's school 

 in Westmin- 

 ster. He first 

 appeared on 

 the stage in 

 1870, and after 

 playing some 

 minor parts 

 with consider- 

 a b 1 e success, 

 made his name 

 as a comedian 

 in The Private 

 Secretary. His 

 reputation, 

 however, rests 

 still more upon 

 his appear- 

 ances in 

 Charley's 

 Aunt. He died 

 Nov. 11, 1912. 

 Penmaen- 

 mawr. Ur- 

 ban dist. and watering-place of Car- 

 narvonshire, Wales. It is 4 m. from 

 Conway, with a station on the 

 L & N.W. Rly. It is visited for 



Sir William Penn, 

 English sailor 



the beautiful scenery around. Pen- 

 maenmawr Mt., 1,550 ft. high, is 

 the N. extremity of the Snowdon 

 range. On it stood, until demolished 

 in 1920, the remains of a large 

 British fort. Pop. 4,000. 



Penn, SIR WILLIAM (1621-70). 

 English sailor. He was born pro- 

 bably at Bristol, the son of a sea 

 captain, and 

 held his first 

 command in the 

 navy in 1644, 

 on the parlia- 

 mentary side. 

 In 1651-53 he 

 was engaged in 

 the pursuit of 

 Prince Rupert, 

 and in the 

 Dutch War 

 rendered distinguished service as 

 second in command to Blake, 

 1653. In the following year he was 

 sent to "the West Indies on an 

 expedition which failed in its first 

 objective, the capture of San 

 Domingo, but took Jamaica. On 

 his return Penn was committed to 

 the Tower for reasons which re- 

 main obscure, but was shortly 

 released. He accompanied Montagu, 

 afterwards 1st earl of Sandwich, 

 in the Naseby to bring Charles II 

 back to England at the Restoration, 

 being knighted by the king as he 

 came on board. Appointed a com- 

 missioner of the navy, he served 

 under the duke of York, and died 

 Sept. 16, 1670. 



Penn, WILLIAM (1644-1718). 

 English Quaker, founder of Perih- 

 sylvania. The son of the admiral 

 Sir William 

 Penn (1621- 

 70), he was 

 born in Lon- 

 don, Oct. 14, 

 1644, and 

 w h ile study- 

 ing at Christ 

 Church, Ox- 

 ford, became 

 converted to 

 Quakerism, 

 and was 

 expelled in A f ler B - Wesl 



1661. He spent some years in 

 France, Italy, and Ireland, and 

 even engaged in military duties, 

 but by 1668 had become once more 

 closely identified with Quaker life 

 and doctrine, and was imprisoned, 

 1668-69, for publishing an unli- 

 censed tract, and again in 1670-71 

 for infringing the Conventicle Act. 

 He inherited a considerable for- 

 tune from his father, preached the 

 Quaker message in England, Hol- 

 land, and Germany, and was able 

 to use his social influence on behalf 

 of his persecuted co-religionists. In 

 1676 he took a leading part in the 

 foundation of a Quaker colony in 



