its kind, he supplies a vivid picture 

 of his own character, his insatiable 

 inquisitiveness, meannesses, and 

 vanity, reveals also his higher qual- 

 ities, to which his brother diarist, 

 John Evelyn, pays a warm tribute, 

 and throws invaluable sidelights on 

 the court, official, and social life of 

 hia time. He was a student of mu- 

 sic, in which he found consolation 

 in trouble, and was an inveterate 

 playgoer. He suffered from stone 

 and from failing eyesight. The 

 Diary was first deciphered by John 

 Smith, 1819-22, and first published 

 1825. Pron. Peeps. See Loving Cup. 

 liibtiugraphy. Diary and Corre- 

 spondence of Samuel Pepys, with 

 Life and Notes by Richard, Lord 

 Braybrooke, 4th ed., 4 vols., 1854 ; 

 Do., Deciphered, with Additional 

 Notes, Mynors Bright, 6 vols., 1875- 

 79 ; Do., ed. with Additions by 

 H. B. Wheatley, 10 vols., 1893-99, 

 8 vols., 1904 ; Genealogy of the 

 Pepys Family, W. C. Pepys, 1887 ; 

 Samuel Pepys and the World He 

 Lived In, new ed. 1905, and Samuel 

 Pepys, Citizen and Clothworker, 

 1897, H. B. Wheatley ; Pepys's Me- 

 moire of the Royal Navy, ed. with 

 introduction, 1906 ; S. P. as a Naval 

 Officer, 1914, and S. P. and the 

 Royal Navy, 1920, J. R. Tanner ; 

 Life, E. H. Moorhouse, 1909. 



Pera. Suburb of Constantino- 

 ple. Situated on the N. of the 

 Golden Horn and adjoining Galata, 

 it is the European quarter, con- 

 taining the embassies, churches, 

 and principal shops, the last being 

 centred round the Grande Rue de 

 Pera which traverses the suburb. 

 Near the Petits Champs, a public 

 park overlooking Stambul and the 



6O52 



Penang, and lies between Kedah 

 and Siam on the N. and Selangor 

 on the S., and has a long coast on 

 the Strait of Malacca. The chief 

 river is the Perak. Tin is mined at 

 Taiping and Ipoh. Rubber is cul- 

 tivated, especially near Matang. 

 The main VV trunk road and rly. 

 of Malaya cross the state through 



Perak, Federate;! Malay States. Characteristic scenery 

 on the Perak river 



Taiping, Kualakangsar, and Ipoh. 

 Matang is on a branch rly. from 

 Taiping, Telok Anson on another 

 from Tapah Road. Rice is grown in 

 the valleys, with orchards sur- 

 rounding the paddy fields. In Krian 

 in the N.W. rice is grown for ex- 

 port under a government irrigation 

 scheme. 



In 1826 Britain and Siam agreed 

 by treaty that the native Malay 

 ruler of Perak should be left undis- 

 turbed. In 1874, by the treaty of 

 Pangkor, the sultan agreed to the 

 appointment of a British resident ; 

 the resident was murdered in 1875 ; 



Pera, Constantinople. General view of the European quarter, looking north 



Golden Horn, is the British em- 

 bassy. At the N. end of the Grande 

 Rue are large barracks and the 

 Taxim park. An underground 

 cable lift descends from Pera to 

 Galata and affords access to the 

 Galata bridge and the quays See 

 Cons tan tinople. 



Perak. Most northerly of the 

 Federated Malay States, British 

 Malaya. It completely surrounds 

 the Bindings, a detached portion of 



British troops restored order and 

 were eventually withdrawn in 

 favour of an armed police. Its area 

 is 7,800 sq. m. Pop. 494,000. See 

 Malaya. 



Per capita : per stirpes (Lat., 

 by heads ; by stocks). Terms used 

 by lawyers in dealing with ques- 

 tions of inheritance. An example 

 will best illustrate the meaning. 

 X, by his will, leaves his property 

 to trustees, to pay the income to 



PERCEVAL 



his three children, A, B, and C, for 

 life, and after their death amongst 

 their children per stir pea. A has 

 one child ; B has two children ; C 

 has three children. A's child will 

 inherit one-third ; B's two children 

 one-third between them ; and C's 

 three children one-third amongst 

 them. Had the division been per 

 capita and not per 

 stirpes, all the six 

 grandchildren of X 

 would have had 

 equal shares. 



Perception(I^at. 

 per, through, thor- 

 oughly ; capere, to 

 take, grasp). A 

 philosophical term 

 of various meaning. 

 It was formerly 

 used for cognition 

 (knowledge), or as 

 the equivalent of 

 consciousness gen- 

 erally. Again, it 

 was limited to the 

 act of perceiving anything by the 

 senses. More accurately, it is he 

 mental process which refers sensa- 

 tions to an object which is identi- 

 fied as having aroused previous 

 similar sensations a chair, table, 

 tree. Perception is more complex 

 than mere sensation (q.v.) and in- 

 volves earlier experience ; it is 

 more stable than the idea of a 

 thing, which in the absence of the 

 object is liable to modification. 

 Perception is less definite than ap- 

 perception (q.v. ). See Metaphysics. 

 Perceval, SIB. In medieval 

 romance, a knight of the Arthurian 

 cycle and central figure of one of 

 the Grail romances. The son of a 

 knight who has been slain, he is 

 brought up by his mother in the 

 forest, where he grows up un- 

 civilized. Brought to court, he 

 slays an enemy of the king, and 

 after many adventures recovers his 

 father's estate. See Grail, Holy ; 

 consult also The Legend of Sir 

 Perceval, 2 vols., J. L. Weston, 

 1906-9; Sir Perceval of Galles, 

 R. H. Griffith, 1911. 



Perceval, SPENCER (1762-1812). 

 British statesman. Born Nov. 1, 

 1762, second son of John Perceval, 

 2nd earl of 

 E g m o n t, he 

 was educated 

 at Harrow and 

 Trinity Col- 

 lege, C a m- 

 bridge. After 

 some progress 

 at the bar, he 

 entered Par- 

 liament as 

 Tory mem- 

 be r f o i 

 Northamp- 

 ton in 1796. Ajier Sir W. Beechey 



