PERNOV 



the rivers Biberibe and Capibe- 

 ribe ; (3) Boa Vista, on the main- 

 land, the residential section. Per- 

 nambuco has some of the finest 

 churches and public buildings in 

 Brazil. The harbour, which is 

 being enlarged, is a port of call for 

 numerous liners. It is a cable 

 station, and there is a wireless tele- 

 graph post at Olinda, in the 

 vicinity. Called the Venice of 

 America on account of its many 

 waterways, it exports sugar, cotton, 

 rum, coffee, cocoa, hides, rubber, 

 and dye-woods. Pop. 180,000. 



Pernov OR PERNAXT. Port of 

 Esthonia. It stands on the bay of 

 the same name, an arm of the Gulf 

 of Riga, at the mouth of the Per- 

 nava. It is a rly. terminus and has 

 rly. connexions with Riga, Pskov, 

 and Petrograd, and a trade in 

 drain, flax, hemp, and leather. 

 Founded in 1255, it became Russian 

 in 1710. Pop. 20,000. 



Peroneus. Name of -three 

 muscles of the leg. The P. longus 

 arises from the outer side of the 

 upper part of the tibia and the 

 upper two-thirds of the fibula. Its 

 tendon passes down the leg and 

 winds round the external malleolus 

 (the prominence on the outer side 

 of the ankle), and is inserted int.o 

 the first metatarsal bone of the 

 foot and the adjoining bone of the 

 ankle. The P. brevis arises from the 

 lower two-thirds of the outer sur- 

 face of the fibula. Its tendon 

 passes down behind the external 

 malleolus, and is inserted into the 

 fifth metatarsal bone. The action 

 of the P. longus and brevis is to 

 evert or draw up the outer side of 

 the foot, and to extend or straighten 

 the foot. The P. tertius arises from 

 the lower anterior part of the fibula, 

 and is inserted into the fifth meta- 

 tarsal bone. See Leg. 



Peronne. Town of France. In 

 the dept. of Somme, it stands 

 on the right bank of that river, 

 94 m. from Paris and 35 from 

 Amiens. The chief building is the 

 i-hurch of S. Jean, dating from the 

 16th century, and there are the 

 ruins of a castle. PSronne was for- 

 merly the capital of Santerre, and 

 was afterwards in Vermandois. A 

 fortified town, in 1465 it was sur- 

 rendered to Charles the Bold, and 

 it was in the castle here, described 

 in Quentin Durward, that he kept 

 Louis XI of France a prisoner. 

 Wellington took Peronne in 1815, 

 and in Jan., 1871, it was bom- 

 barded and entered by the Ger- 

 mans. During the Great War the 

 Germans occupied the town, Sept. 

 24, 1914, and held it until it was 

 recovered by the British, Mar. 18, 

 1917. The Germans regained it 

 Mar. 24, 1918, but on Sept. 1, 1918, 

 it was entered by the Australians, 



who had captured Mont St. Quentin 

 (q.v. ), the height by which it 

 was protected. The town was 

 practically ruined by the Germans, 

 who started great fires and ex- 

 ploded mines on their withdrawal 

 in 1917. The Grande Place was 

 wrecked, and the historic town hall 

 reduced to ruins. With Maricourt,. 

 Peronne has been "adopted" by 

 Blackburn. Pop. 4,700. 



Peroyskite. In mineralogy, 

 name given to calcium titanate, 

 CaTi0 3 . Pale yellow to brown in 

 colour, with a metallic lustre, the 

 mineral is found in the Urals, 

 Switzerland, etc. 



Perpendicular (Lat. perpen- 

 diculum, a plummet). Terra used 

 for something exactly upright. In 



PERPETUATING 



being known as four-centred ; 

 columns were composite or clus- 

 tered, with small capitals, gener- 

 ally moulded ; roofs were of the 

 hammer beam type, at first heavier 

 than before. The Perpendicular 

 period witnessed a great increase 

 in the use of panelling, an enhanced 

 richness in the decoration of the 

 choir-stall, and the perfection of 

 fan tracery vaulting. 



The western part of tue nave 

 of Westminster Abbey is Perpen- 

 dicular architecture at its best ; 

 one may cite also Henry VII's 

 Chapel at Westminster, S. George's 

 Chapel, Windsor, and the choir of 

 Gloucester Cathedral. The period 

 produced some very fine domestic 

 buildings. See Arch ; Architecture ; 

 Bath ; Gothic Architecture ; II- 

 minster. 



Perpetual Motion. Action of 

 an imaginary machine which, once 

 being set in motion, continues for 

 ever without further impetus, un- 

 less stopped by some external 

 force. Such a machine is incon- 



Perr.nne, Fiance. The Grande Place, belore the destruction of the town in the 

 Great War. Left, the town hall ; right, tower of the church c! S. Jean. Inset, 

 entrance to the citadel 



geometry, it is used to indicate a 

 line which is at right angles to a 

 given line or surface. 



In architecture, the Perpendicu- 

 lar period refers to the phase of 

 Gothic architecture which began 

 towards the end of the 14th century 

 and lasted till the Renaissance, 

 about 1560. It was peculiar to 

 England, and its principal charac- 

 teristic was verticality. Even the 

 window tracery consisted of ver- 

 tical members, the mullions being 

 carried straight up through the 

 head of the window, which was in 

 its turn much larger than its pre- 

 decessors of the Decorated or Early 

 English styles. Arches consisted 

 either of two arcs or four, the latter 



ceivable, since by the law of the 

 conservation of energy it is not 

 possible to do work without the 

 expenditure of energy in some 

 form. Many attempts have been 

 made to produce perpetual motion 

 machines, but none has been suc- 

 cessful. Those which have been 

 apparently successful have de- 

 pended upon the forces of nature, 

 e.g. a water wheel at Niagara. 

 See Energy ; Motion. 



Perpetuating Testimony. 

 Term used in English law. By the 

 statute 5 and 6 Victoria cap. 60, 

 any person who has a contingent 

 right or claim to any honour, title, 

 office, or real or personal property, 

 which right or claim will only arise 



