PERU 



and comprising approximately the 

 present territories of Bolivia, Peru, 

 and Ecuador. The Inca conquest 

 of Quito in the 16th century, and 

 the death of the conqueror, were 

 followed by a destructive civil war 

 between the rightful heir, Huascar, 

 and his half-brother, the usurper 

 Atahualpa. Thus the distracted 

 state of the country partly accounts 

 for the fact that a polity so ex- 

 tensive and apparently so well 

 organized fell before a handful of 

 Spanish adventurers. After seven 

 years of preliminary effort and ex- 

 ploration, and after suffering in- 

 describable hardships, Pizarro 

 (q.v.) landed at Tumbez in 1531 : 

 he advanced into the interior, 

 treacherously put to death Ata- 

 hualpa, and in 1533 entered the 

 capital Cuzco. In 1535 he founded 

 the present capital, Lima. Not- 

 withstanding some later native 

 attempts at resistance, favoured 

 by quarrels among the Spanish 

 conquerors, the Inca empire had 

 fallen, and about the middle of the 

 16th century the authority of the 

 Spanish viceroy was established. 



For two centuries the history of 

 Peru was virtually the history of 

 Spanish S. America. For the vice- 

 roy, installed at Lima, not only 

 ruled his own vicecoyalty, com- 

 prising the present territories of 

 Bolivia and Peru, but also held au- 

 thority over almost all the Spanish 

 governors upon the continent. 



The seat of the viceroy, Peru it- 

 self had a less agitated and eventful 

 history than the other " kingdoms " 

 of S. America. The interest of its 

 history is mainly concerned with 

 administration and finance ; for 

 it was the viceroy's duty to trans- 

 mit to Spain the royal share of the 

 precious metals mined in Peru, 

 particularly in the silver mines of 

 Potosi (now in Bolivia). In the 

 course of the 18th century many 

 reforms were made, and two new 

 viceroyalties, in New Granada and 

 in Buenos Aires, were set up, inde- 

 pendent of Peru. In the year 1780 

 a serious native revolt shook the 

 viceroyalty. The revolt was sup- 

 pressed by loyal Indians under 

 Spanish officers, and was followed 

 by barbarous executions. 



End of Spain's Dominion 



During the revolutionary move- 

 ments in other parts of the conti- 

 nent from 1810-22, Peru was the 

 stronghold of Spanish authority. 

 Indeed, royalist expeditions sent 

 from thence drove the Argentine 

 invaders from Upper Peru (now 

 Bolivia), and reconquered Chile. 

 However, in 1820 an army and 

 fleet; under San Martin and Coch- 

 rane, invaded Peru from Chile, and 

 in 1821 San Martin entered Lima, 

 and proclaimed himself protector 



of Peru. But the war continued 

 for three years longer. Lima for 

 -a' time was reoccupied by the 

 royalists, and it was not until 

 1824 that the battle of Ayacucho 

 finally ended the Spanish dominion 

 in S. America. 



For three years Peru recognized 

 the authority of Bolivar, " the 

 Liberator " ; upon his departure, 

 in J826, the republic entered upon 

 the stormy career characteristic of 

 tropical republics of mixed blood, 

 presidents and dictators succeeding 

 one another with bewildering 

 rapidity. In 1836 the attempt of 

 the Bolivian, Santa Cruz, to unite 

 Bolivia and Peru under his do- 

 minion led to war with Chile. 

 From 1845-62 the domination of 

 Ramon Castilla brought compara- 

 tive tranquillity, better administra- 

 tion, and economic progress. But 

 after him the old disorders re- 

 curred, and trouble with Chile over 

 frontiers was deferred by war with 

 Spain (1864-66). 



War with Chile 



The frontiers of Peru, Bolivia, 

 and Chile in the coastal desert were 

 not a burning question until it was 

 discovered that the desert might 

 yield great wealth, first in the form 

 of guano, and then in that of 

 nitrate, and this led to the war 

 between Chile and the allied 

 republics of Peru and Bolivia. 

 The victorious Chileans occupied 

 Lima for nearly three years, and in 

 1883 imposed the peace of Ancon, 

 whereby Chile annexed the pro- 

 vince of Tarapaca,and also occupied 

 the provinces of Tacna and Arica, 

 with the promise that their ulti- 

 mate destiny should be decided by 

 a plebiscite. The plebiscite has not 

 been held, and the two provinces 

 remain in Chilean occupation. 



The war was a severe blow to 

 Peruvian prosperity, and political 

 disorders rendered recovery more 

 difficult. Indeed, revolutionary 

 movements have not been quite 

 unknown, even in the present 

 century. Yet Peru has distinctly 

 shared the general South American 

 movement of consolidation and 

 settlement. In the Great War the 

 republic was driven by German 

 attacks on shipping to break off 

 diplomatic relations with Germany, 

 seize the German ships at Callao, 

 and open the Peruvian ports to the 

 allies. Thus Peru is one of the sig- 

 natories of the treaty of Versailles. 



F. A. Kirkpatrick 

 Bibliography. History of Peru, 

 C. R. Markham, 1892; History of 

 the Conquest of Peru, W. H. Pres- 

 cott, rev. ed, 1905; Peru, C. R. 

 Enock, 1908 ; Peru : its Story, 

 People and Religion, G. Guinness, 

 1909; Peru of the Twentieth Cen- 

 tury, P.Martin, 1911; Peru, E. C. 

 Vivian, 1914. 



PERUGIA 



Peru. City of Illinois, U.S.A., 

 in Lasalle co. It stands on the 

 Illinois river at the head of navi- 

 gation, 60 m. N.N.E. of Peoria, 

 and is served by the Chicago, Rock 

 Island, and Pacific and other rlys., 

 and by the Illinois and Michigan 

 canal. It contains S. Bede 

 College for R.C.'s, the Masonic 

 Temple, Turner Hall, etc. Its 

 industrial establishments include 

 zinc rolling-mills, foundries, ma- 

 chine shops, and plough and wheel 

 factories. Bituminous coal is 

 worked in the neighbourhood. Peru 

 was settled in 1827, and incor- 

 porated in 1845, and became a city 

 in 1851. Pop. 8,900. 



Peru. City of Indiana, U.S.A., 

 the co. seat of Miami co. It stands 

 on the Wabash river, 75 m. N. of 

 Indianapolis, and is served by the 

 Wabash and other rlys. There are 

 rly. workshops and motor-car and 

 other works. Peru was settled in 

 1835, incorporated in 1848, and 

 chartered in 1868. Pop. 12,400. 



Peru, BALSAM OF. Liquid exu- 

 ded from the trunk of Myroxylon 

 Pereirae of Central America, after 

 beating and scorching the bark. 

 It is used in medicine to stimulate 

 the gastric secretions in some forms 

 of dyspepsia, and also as an ex- 

 pectorant in chronic bronchitis. 



Perugia. Prov. of central 

 Italy, co-extensive with the com- 

 partimento of Umbria. Mainly 

 mountainous, being traversed by 

 the Apennines, it is watered by 

 the Tiber and affluents, and con- 

 tains Lake Trasimeno. The moun- 

 tains yield iron, coal, and marble, 

 while the valleys produce wheat, 

 olives, and grapes. Much wine and 

 olive oil are produced. In com- 

 parison with other provinces it is 

 sparsely inhabited. Area, 3,770 

 sq. m. Pop. 714,700. See Umbria. 



Perugia (anc. Perusia). City of 

 Italy, capital of the prov. of Peru- 

 gia. It is picturesquely placed on 

 hills at an alt. of 1,705 ft. over- 

 looking the Tiber, 10 m. E. of 

 Lake Trasimeno - or Lago di 

 Perugia, and 126 m. by rly. N. of 

 Rome. Irregular in plan, its medie- 

 val walls enclose separate hill tops. 

 There are remains of the Etruscan 

 terraced walls, gates, and tombs. 



The 15th century Gothic cathe- 

 dral of San Lorenzo, adorned with 

 fine paintings and carvings, is still 

 unfinished. Among many interest- 

 ing churches is that of San Pietro, a 

 curious edifice founded about 1000, 

 rich in masterpieces by Perugino 

 and others. The university, 

 founded 1307, houses a collection 

 of Etruscan and Roman antiqui- 

 ties, and a library. -The great 

 Gothic municipal palace (1281- 

 1333) has a valuable collection of 

 pictures by Umbrian masters. In 



