PERUGINO 



60S 1 



PERVYSE 



the cathedral square are a large 

 fountain, a statue of Pope Julitia 

 III, and the money changers' hall 

 (1453), with beautiful frescoes by 

 Perugino. There are also an aca- 

 demy, a school of art, a public 

 library, a botanical garden, and an 

 observatory. The manufactures in- 

 clude liqueurs, silk and woollen 

 goods, while a trade is carried on in 

 corn, fruit, wine, and oil. 



Perugia was one of the twelve 

 cities of Etruria. It was captured 

 by the Romans in 309 E.g., was 

 destroyed by Octavian in 41 B.C., 

 in the so-called Perusine war 

 against Lucius Antonius, and again 

 destroyed by Totila, A.D. 549. For 

 13 centuries it was more or less 

 subject to the popes, and was 

 annexed to the dominions of Victor 

 Emmanuel in 1860. Pop. 70,200. 

 See History of Perugia, W. Hey- 

 wood.ed. R. Langton Douglas, 1910, 

 Perugino OR PIETEO VANNUCCJ 

 (1446-1524). Italian painter. Born 

 at Citta della Pieve, he studied 

 at Perugia and 

 in the school 

 of Verrocchio 

 at Florence. 

 He worked in 

 Florence and 

 Perugia till 

 1480, when he 

 was employed 

 by Pope Sixtus 

 IV on the de- 

 coration of the 

 Sistine chapel 

 and other 

 portions of the Vatican ; when he 

 returned to Florence about 1493, 

 Raphael became his pupil. He was 

 among the first of the Italians to use 

 the oil medium successfully, though 

 he painted also in tempera, and his 

 graceful figures, with their poetic 

 landscape background, procured 

 him a wide reputation. He died 

 at Fontignano, near Perugia. There 

 are five works by him in the 

 British National Gallery. See 

 Pietro Vannucci called Perugino, 

 G. C. Williamson, 1910. 



Peruke. Artificial head of hair, 

 a variant of periwig. See Wig. 



Peruvian Bark. Former name 

 for the bark of various species of 

 Cinchona imported from Peru and 

 Bolivia for the sake of the quinine 

 contained in it. The story of its 

 discovery, and of the subsequent 

 introduction of the trees into 

 India, is told under Bark (q.v.). 

 The species yielding the highest 

 percentage of quinine is G. calisaya 

 and C- ledgeriana. known as yellow 

 barks. Red bark (G. succirubra) is 

 the species that has been grown 

 most extensively in the Himalayas, 

 the Nilgiris, and Java, but it is 

 now being superseded by replant- 

 ing with the richer yellow barks. 



Perugino, 

 Italian painter 



Self -portrait 



See Cinchona ; 

 Markham, Sir 

 Clements. 



Peruvian 

 Gooseberry 

 (Physalis peru- 

 viana). Herb of 

 the order Solana- 

 ceae, known also 

 as Cape goose- 

 berry and Peru- 

 vian winter 

 cherry. See Cape 

 Gooseberry. 



Perugia, Italy. Palazzo del Municipio, built 1281-1333. 

 On the right is the 13th century Maggiore fountain ; top, 

 right, Porta Uibica Etrusca, one of the gates of the city 



Peruvian Mastic Tree. Cali- 

 fornian pepper-tree (Schinus Molle). 

 Small fragrant tree of the natural 



Peruvian Mastic Tree, 

 flowers 



Leaves and 



order Anacardiaceae, native of 

 Brazil and Peru. The alternate 

 leaves are divided 

 into many pairs 

 of lance - shaped 

 leaflets with 

 toothed edges. 

 The small,yellow- 

 green flowers are 

 clustered and 

 succeeded by pea- 

 like, rosy fruits of 

 an oily nature. 

 The resinous sap 

 that gives its 

 fragrance to the 

 tree is used by 



for the gums, and 

 the root is used 

 medicinally. 



Peruzzi, BAL- 

 DASSAKE (1481- 

 1536). Italian 

 architect and 

 painter. Born 

 near Siena, he 

 studied probably 

 under Pacchiar- 

 otto. He worked 

 at Siena as a 

 painter without 

 obtaining emin- 

 ence, and then 

 went to Rome, 

 where he built the Villa Farnesina 

 for Agostino Chigi. This success 

 induced him to devote himself to 

 architecture, and in 1520 he was 

 appointed architect to S. Peter's. 

 After the sack of the city in 1527, 

 when he was plundered of his pos- 

 sessions, he fled to Siena, where he 

 became city architect, was em- 

 ployed on the fortifications, and 

 was given a pension. He died in 

 Rome, Jan. 6, 1536. Pron. Perootsy. 

 Pervyse. Village of Belgium, in 

 the prov. of W. Flanders. It lies 4J 

 m. S. of Nieuport, on the line of 

 the Nieuport- Dixmude rly. It was 

 important in the resistance of the 

 French Fusiliers Marins against 

 the German attacks on the Yser 

 front, 1914, and later was part of 

 the front held by the Belgian army. 

 It was severely damaged by bom- 

 bardment. Here in 1914-18 Mrs. 



the Peruvians as 

 an astringent 



Belgium. The ruined main street 

 bombardment in the Great War 



after 



17 7 



