PETERLOO 



1284. The principal court assumed 

 quadrangular form in the 15th cen- 

 tury; the N. range was begun in 

 1424, and in 1431 a library was 

 planned, of which three windows 

 and the newel-stair survive. 



The existing chapel, consecrated 

 in 1632 and designed by Matthew 

 Wren, master, 1625-34, and uncle 

 of the architect, contains speci- 

 mens of Munich glass. Cardinal 

 Beaufort, Andrew Perne, Fynes 

 Moryson, John Cosin, Richard 

 Crashaw, Isaac Barrow, Thomas 

 Gray, Baron Kelvin, James Dewar, 

 and A. W. Ward are famous names 

 in the records of the college, which 

 is under a master. 



Peterloo Massacre. Name 

 given to an encounter between 

 soldiery and people at St. Peter's 

 Field, Manchester, England, Aug. 

 16, 1819. It was applied in 

 derision, the battle of Waterloo 

 being still fresh in the public mind. 

 Some 60,000 people had assembled 

 for a demonstration in favour- of 

 parliamentary reform, and the 

 police, by order of the magistrates, 

 attempted to arrest their leader, 

 a man named Hunt. This proving 

 impossible, yeomanry appeared, 

 and finally the magistrate ordered 

 hussars to charge the crowd, with 

 the result that eleven were killed 

 and about 500 injured. The Free 

 Trade Hail stands on the site. 

 See Industrial Revolution ; consult 

 also The Story of Peterloo, F. A. 

 Bruton, 1919. 



Peter Martyr (1205-52). Do- 

 minican monk and saint. He was 

 born at Verona, educated at the 

 university there, and at the age 

 of 15, admitted, by S. Dominic, to 

 his order. He conducted missions 

 with great success in the Romagna, 

 Tuscany, Bologna, and Milan, and, 

 appointed in 1232 head of the 

 Inquisition, is said to have acted 

 with greater zeal than mercy. He 

 was murdered while returning from 

 Como to Milan in 1252, and 

 canonised in 1253. 



Peter Martyr (1500-62). Italian 

 Protestant reformer, whose sur- 

 name was Vermigli. Born at 

 Florence, May 8, 1500, he became 

 abbot of an Augustinian monastery 

 at Spoleto and principal of a college 

 nt Naples. Turning Protestant, he 

 had to flee to Zurich in 1542, and 

 became professor of theology at 

 Strasbourg. Visiting England in 

 1547, he was appointed professor 

 of theology at Oxford. On the 

 accession of Mary he returned to 

 Strasbourg, and later became a 

 teacher of Hebrew at Zurich, where 

 he died Nov. 12, 1562. 



Peter Pan. Children's play,' 

 by Sir J. M. Barrie, produced, 

 Dec. 27, 1904, at the Duke of 

 York's Theatre, London. Based on 



6O87 



Barrie's tale, The Little White Bird, 

 1902, the play, retold as Peter and 

 Wendy, 1911, deals with the ad- 

 ventures among fairies, pirates, 

 and Indians of some children, who 

 follow the guidance of Peter, the 

 boy who never grew up. Revived 

 frequently in London, at Christ- 

 mas, it was played for the 1,000th 

 time on Jan. 11, 1917. In the 

 original production Nina Boucicault 

 played Peter, a part taken by Cissie 

 Loftus in 1905, by Pauline Chase 

 from 1906 to 1913 inclusive, by 

 Madge Titheradge in 1914, and by 

 Unity More in 1915 and 1916. 

 Barrie's Peter Pan in Kensington 

 Gardens appeared in 1906, and a 

 statue of the hero, by Sir George 

 Frampton, was erected near to the 

 Long Water in the gardens in 1912. 



Peter Plymley's Letters. A 

 series of ten letters by Sydney Smith 

 (q.v.). It was published in 1807 

 and 1808 with the full title of Let- 

 ters on the Subject of the Catholics 

 to my Brother Abraham who lives 

 in the Country, by Peter Plymley. 

 The letters, full of scathing wit and 

 searching ironj 7 , were appeals for 

 the removal of the civil disabilities 

 of the Roman Catholics. 



Peters, HUGH (1598-1660). In- 

 dependent divine. Educated at 

 Trinity College, Cambridge, he 

 began his career as a lay preacher, 

 but was subsequently ordained and 

 appointed to S. Sepulchre's, Lon- 

 don. He settled in Holland about 

 1629, and became an Independent. 

 In 1635 he went to New England, 

 where he was one of the leading 

 ministers at Salem. Sent to England 

 in 1641 on colonial business, he 

 joined in the attack on Laud, and 

 served as an army chaplain during 

 the Civil War. At the Restoration 



Peter Pan. Bronze statue by Sir 



George Frampton, R.A., erected in 



Kensington Gardens in 1912 



PETERSFIELD 



he was tried for complicity in the 

 death of Charles I, and executed, 

 ..Oct. 16, 1660. 



Peters, KARL (1856-1918). Ger- 

 man administrator. Born at Neu- 

 haus, he was educated at Gottingen, 

 Tubingen, and Berlin, and in 1884 

 went to Zanzibar to organize a 

 German colonial - scheme. He 

 secured treaties with native 

 chiefs, and in 1885 returned to 

 Berlin to get them approved, and 

 founded a German East African 

 Company. In 1891 he was admin- 

 istrator for Germany in E. Africa. 

 From 1893-95 he was attached to 

 the foreign office, Berlin. He was 

 deprived in 1897 of his rank of im- 

 perial commissioner, to which- he 

 was appointed in 1891, for cruelty 

 to the natives, and died at Woltorf, 

 Brunswick, Sept. 12, 1918. 



Peters, MATTHEW WILLIAM 

 (1742-1814). English painter. 

 Born in the Isle of Wight, he 

 studied at the Dublin school of 

 design. He began to exhibit at 

 the Academy in 1769, became 

 A.R.A. in 1771, and R.A. in 1777. 

 His paintings were chiefly portraits, 

 several of which were engraved by 

 Bartolozzi and J. R. Smith. In 

 1783 he took holy orders, ulti- 

 mately becoming a prebendary of 

 Lincoln Cathedral, but continued 

 his work as an artist. Peters died 

 at Brasted, Kent, March 20, 1814. 



Petersburg. City of Virginia, 

 U.S.A. It stands on the Appomat- 

 tox river, at the head of naviga- 

 tion, 24 m. S. of Richmond, and is 

 served by the Norfolk and Western 

 and other rlys., and by the Appo- 

 mattox canal. Manufactures in- 

 clude tobacco, cotton, machinery, 

 and silk goods, and there is a trade 

 in timber. Petersburg was laid out 

 in 1733, incorporated in 1748, and 

 chartered as a city in 1850. It 

 figured conspicuously in the Civil 

 War, being besieged by the Federals 

 under Grant, 1864-65. Pop. 31,000. 



Petersburg, SIEGE OF. Conclud- 

 ing phase of the American Civil 

 War, 1864-65. In June, 1864, the 

 town of Petersburg was held by a 

 Confederate force of 2,500 men. 

 Recognizing that its possession 

 would place Richmond in his hands, 

 Grant assaulted the place, June 

 16-18, but was repulsed on each 

 occasion with heavy losses. The 

 siege which followed was signalised 

 by great valour on the Confederate 

 side, but Lee was eventually re- 

 duced to evacuate Petersburg and 

 Richmond, April 2, 1865. Seven 

 days later he surrendered to Grant 

 at Appomattox Court House. 

 . Petersfield. Urban (list, and 

 market town of Hampshire, Eng- 

 land. It is 55 m. from London and 

 19 m. from Portsmouth, with a 

 station on the L. & S.W. Rly., on 



