PETROPOLIS 



Petropolis. Town and summer 

 resort of Brazil, in the state of 

 Rio de Janeiro. Finely placed on 

 the Serra da Estrella, 34 m. by rly. 

 N. of Rio de Janeiro, in a healthy 

 climate, it manufactures cotton 

 and silken goods, cigars, cheese, 

 and beer. It was colonised by 

 Germans in 1845, and was capital of 

 the state, 1893-1903. Pop. 30,000. 



Petrovsk. Town of S.E. 

 Russia. It is in the govt., and 70 

 m. N.W., of Saratov, on the river 

 Medvieditsa, and the Atkarsk- 

 \ r olsk railway. It has tanneries, 

 tallow-boileries, and oil-mills, and 

 was founded by Peter the Great in 

 1698. Pop. 19,000. 



Petrozavodsk. Town of N.W. 

 Russia. It is in the govt. of Olonets, 

 190 m. N.E. of Petrograd, and on 

 the W. shore of Lake Onega. There 

 is trade in grain and timber. In 

 1703 an iron-foundry was estab- 

 lished here by Peter the Great, 

 and in 1774 an imperial cannon 

 foundry. Pop. 15,000. 



Petruchio. 

 Character in 

 Shakespeare's 

 comedy The Tam- 

 ing of the Shrew. 

 A gentleman of 

 Verona who wished 

 to marry a wealthy 

 wife, lie is intro- 

 duced to the notori- 

 ous scold, Katha- 

 rina. the ' elder 

 daughter of Bap- 

 tista, a rich gentle- 

 man of Padua, 

 whom, having mar- 

 ried against her 

 will, he succeeds in 

 reducingto docility. 



Pett, PHINEAS (1570-1647). Eng- 

 lish shipbuilder. Son of Peter Pett, 

 a skilful shipwright, he was born 

 at Deptford, 

 Nov. 1, 1570. 

 He held vari- 

 ous postsunder 

 Lord Admiral 

 Howard, and 

 in 1601 became 

 assistant ship- 

 wright at Chat- 

 ham. His skill 



Phineas Pelt, in designing 

 Sngiish shipbuilder vesselg attract . 



After W. Do bt on ed the roya , 



attention, and in 1605 he was 

 appointed master shipwright at 

 Deptford, and in 1607 at Woolwich. 

 In 1630 he became a commissioner 

 of the navy. The Prince Royal, 

 1610, and the Soverayne of the Seas, 

 1637, were his masterpieces. See 

 Autobiography, ed. W. G. Perrin, 

 1918. 



Petticoat (Eng. petty, short, and 

 coat). Comprehensive term for 

 underskirts worn by women. Al- 



though now an article of female 

 attire, petticoats of mail were worn 

 by soldiers in the Middle Ages, and 

 towards the end of the 15th century 

 men wore them of material beneath 

 a coat which was longer in the skirt. 

 Thus the garment was termed the 

 petticoat. See Costume. 



Petticoat Lane. Name, until 

 about 1830, of Middlesex Street, 

 London, E. Running N. from High 

 Street, Whitechapel, to Widegate 

 Street, Bishopsgate, and extended 

 and partly rebuilt since the latter 

 part of the 19th century, it was 

 known in Stow's time as Hog Lane, 

 being then lined with elms, and 

 famous for its air. The French am- 

 bassador, Gondomar, is said to 

 have lived in the adjacent Gravel 

 Lane, in which the antiquary 

 Strype was born. In the 17th 

 century Petticoat Lane was the 

 centre of a colony of French re- 

 fugee weavers, but it has for many 

 years been a Jewish quarter, 

 notable for its Sunday morning 



Petruchio and the tailor. Scene from The Taming of 

 the Shrew, act iv 



From the painting by Charles B. Leslie. R.A. 



open-air market, in which second- 

 hand clothing forms a conspicuous 

 feature. See Houndsditch. 



Pettie, JOHN (1839-93). Scot- 

 tish painter. Born at Edinburgh, 

 March 17, 1839, he studied at the 

 Trustees' Aca- 

 demy. He 

 came to Lon- 

 don in 1862; 

 attracted at- 

 tention with 

 his Drumhead 

 Court Martial, 

 1865 ; became 

 A.R.A.inl866, 

 and R.A. in 

 1873. He died 

 at Hastings, 

 Feb. 21, 1893. 



He was essentially an interpreter 

 of chivalrous romance. See Charles 

 Edward ; Duel ; Knighthood. 



Petty, Sm WILLIAM (1623-87). 

 English economist. Born at Ram- 

 sey, Hampshire, May 26, 1623, 

 he studied at Leiden and Paris, 

 taught chemistry and anatomy at 



John Pettie, 

 Scottish painter 



Elliott <fc Frit 



Sir William Petty, 

 English economist 



Petticoat Lane, London, during the 

 Sunday morning market 



Oxford, becoming professor of 

 anatomy there, 1651, and also pro- 

 fessor of music at Gresham College, 

 London. Employed in distributing 

 forfeited lands in Ireland, he was 

 made surveyor-general there after 

 the Restoration, and promoted 

 Irish industries. An M.P., an origi- 

 nal F.R.S., and an inventor, he was 

 a pioneer in 

 economics, a s 

 shown by A 

 Treatise of 

 Taxes and Con- 

 tributions, 1662, 

 and many other 

 works. He was 

 knighted 1662, 

 and died Dec. 

 16, 1687. His v 

 two sons were 

 earls of Shelburne, and through his 

 daughter, who married the earl of 

 Kerry, his Irish estates descended 

 to the marquess of Lansdowne. 

 See Economic Writings of Sir W. 

 Petty, .ed. C. H. Hull, 1899. 



Petty Bag Office. In England, 

 the name of a branch of the court 

 of chancery. Its work, which was 

 in connexion with the common law 

 jurisdiction of the court, was 

 abolished in 1873. The name was 

 due to the fact that the writs with 

 which it was concerned were carried 

 in the little bag of the office. See 

 Chancery. 



Petty Officer. In the British 

 navy, rank below and next to 

 warrant officer, corresponding to 

 that of non-commissioned officers 

 in the army. They are selected from 

 leading seamen of very good char- 

 acter with at least one year's sea- 

 going service. Candidates are ex- 

 amined in general education, sea- 

 manship, elementary signals, sema- 

 phore, the rule of the road at sea, 

 management of boats under steam, 

 use c? compass and lead, anchor 

 work, rigging sheers and derricks, 

 the watertight fittings, pumps, and 



