6107 



PHILIP 



Perdiccas in 360 B.C., Philip carried 

 with him the ideas of war 

 and government, and the ad- 

 miration for Hellenic culture 

 which he had acquired in his boy- 

 hood, and the resolve to make 

 Macedon first of Hellenic powers. 



It was an easy matter to set the 

 crown on his own head instead of 

 that of the infant king. The next 

 step was to bring the Macedonian 

 army under discipline and organi- 

 zation which would make it a first- 

 rate instrument of war. Philip 

 created the Macedonian phalanx, 

 modelled upon the infantry system 

 of Epaminondas, and he added to 

 it the cavalry organization which 

 gave the combined arms an over- 

 whelming superiority over the 

 traditional Greek tactics. A states- 

 man as well as a soldier, he made 

 himself master of the coastal 

 districts which he needed to pro- 

 vide him with a revenue. Mean- 

 while an aggressive power had 

 arisen in Phocis (q.v. ); an act of 

 sacrilege on the part of the Phocians, 

 which stirred the religious senti- 

 ment of all Hellas, gave Philip his 

 opportunity for intervention. He 

 crushed the Phocians, and claimed 

 admission in their place into the 

 Hellenic circle, 346 B.C. Athens 

 took alarm at his growing power, 

 when he found further pretexts for 

 intervention in Greek affairs ; the 

 Athenians and Thebans united to 

 oppose him, but were decisively 

 beaten at Chaeronea, 338 B.C. 



At a great congress of the Greek 

 states, from which Sparta alone 

 held aloof, Philip was elected 

 captain -general in 337. At once 

 he set about organizing the great 

 invasion of Persia ; but before he 

 could start he was struck down by 

 the hand of an assassin. See 

 Philip and Alexander, D. G. 

 Hogarth, 1897. 



Philip V (c. 237-179 B.C.). 

 King of Macedonia. On the death 

 of hia father Demetrius II, Anti- 

 gonus Doson 

 reigned until 

 Philip reached 

 the age of 17, 

 when he re- 

 tired in his 

 favour. The 

 beginning o f 

 Philip's reign 

 was marked 

 by a war with 

 the Aetolians, 

 which he conducted with great 

 success. In 215 he concluded an 

 alliance with Hannibal, in conse- 

 quence of which the Romans formed 

 a combination against him in 211, 

 including the Aetolians and Per- 

 gamum. This combination kept 

 Philip busy fighting until 205, 

 when a peace was concluded. The 



Philip V, 

 King o! Macedonia 



Philip, kings oi Spain. 1. Philip I, 1482-1506. 2. Philip III, 1598-1621. 

 3. Philip n, 1556-98. 4. Philip IV, 1621-65. 5. Philip V, 1700-46 



3. Titian. 4. Velazquez. 5. Kigaud 



immensely larger than that of any 

 other potentate ; his weakness lay 

 in the fact that its three main 

 divisions in Europe had no in- 

 tercommunication by land. He 

 looked upon himself as the cham- 

 pion of the Catholic faith, but as 

 the senior rather than the junior 

 partner of the pope in the task 

 of compelling the heretics of all 

 nations to return to the bosom 

 of the Church. His resolution 

 never wavered, his industry was 

 enormous, and his piety and con- 

 scientiousness were great. But 

 his conscience did not forbid him 

 to countenance assassination, the 

 most portentous cruelty, double- 

 dealing, or, indeed, any other 

 means for attaining the ends which 

 he had in view. His industry was 

 marred by a total incapacity for 

 trusting any man who showed 

 ability ; his resolution was made 

 futile by a fatal slowness, a per- 

 sistent belief that when his time 

 came he would strike irresistibly, 

 the result being that his time never 

 did come, because his enemies 

 struck first. The Netherlands re- 

 volted, and still Philip deferred an 

 open rupture with England until 

 he should have crushed his rebel- 

 lious subjects. In 1588 he de- 

 livered what should have been 

 his crushing blow at the island 

 power, and his Great Armada was 

 shattered to fragments. He died 

 Sept. 13, 1598, confident to the 

 last that his power would triumph. 

 See History of the Reign of Philip 

 II, King of Spain, W. H. Prescott, 

 new and rev. ed. 1887 ; Life, 

 M. A. S. Hume, 1897. 



war was renewed by the Romans 

 in 200, and in 197 Philip was com- 

 pletely defeated by the Roman 

 general Flamininus at the battle 

 of Cynoscephalae. By the terms of 

 peace concluded in the following 

 year, Philip renounced all terri- 

 torial acquisitions outside Mace- 

 donia, and agreed to pay an in- 

 demnity of 240,000 and to limit 

 his army to 5,000 men. 



Philip I (1478-1506). King of 

 Spain. Son of the emperor Maxi- 

 milian I, and Mary, daughter of 

 Charles the Bold, duke of Bur- 

 gundy, he was born at Bruges, 

 July 22, 1478. In 1482 he became, 

 by his mother's death, the nominal 

 ruler of the possessions of the 

 dukes of Burgundy, and in 1496 

 he married Joanna, the deranged 

 daughter of Ferdinand and Isa- 

 bella of Spain. After Isabella's 

 death, in 1504, he and his wife were 

 recognized as king and queen of 

 Spain, but soon afterwards Philip 

 died at Bruges, Sept. 25, 1506. 

 Known as the Handsome, he was 

 the father of Charles V. 



Philip H (1527-98). King of 

 Spain. He was born May 21, 1527, 

 the son of the emperor Charles V. 

 In 1543 he married Mary of Portu- 

 gal, and after her death Mary I, 

 queen of England, in 1554. In 

 1556 his father abdicated, trans- 

 ferring to him the lordship of the 

 Netherlands, together with the 

 crowns of Spain and of the Two 

 Sicilies and the whole Spanish 

 colonial empire, though the Ger- 

 man possessions of the house of 

 Hapsburg had already been handed 

 over to Philip's uncle Ferdinand, 

 who succeeded Charles as Roman 

 emperor. On Mary's death Philip 

 offered his hand to her sister and 

 successor, Queen Elizabeth ; but, 

 the offer being declined, he 

 forthwith married the French 

 princess Elizabeth or Isabella. 

 Philip ruled over a dominion 



Philip in (1578-1621). King 

 of Spain. Born at Madrid, April 14, 

 1578, the son of Philip II and of 

 Anne of Austria, he came to the 

 throne, Sept. 13, 1598. Of naturally 

 weak ability, he had acquired no 

 knowledge of public affairs. He 

 married in 1599 Margaret of 



