PHILIP 



Austria, daughter of the Archduke 

 Charles. The duke of Lerma, who 

 acquired the whole power of the 

 state, provided the king with 

 money and amusement, gave ever 

 the finances of Spain to courtiers, 

 and pursued the grandiose policy 

 of Philip II with insufficient and 

 dwindling resources. Peace was 

 indeed made with England in 1604, 

 but the war in the Netherlands was 

 continued until 1609. 



A pious son of the Church, Philip 

 determined to exile from Spain, 

 in 1609, the whole Moorish 

 population with the exception of 

 Christians and young children. 

 The loss of their labour ruined 

 agriculture and commerce. Philip 

 died March 31, 1621. Of his seven 

 children one succeeded him as 

 Philip IV ; Fernando became a 

 cardinal and governor of the Low 

 Countries ; Anne of Austria mar- 

 ried Louis XIII ; and Maria be- 

 came the wife of the emperor 

 Ferdinand. 



Philip IV .(1605-65). King of 

 Spain. Born at Madrid on April 8, 

 1605, the son of Philip III and 

 Margaret of Austria, Philip IV suc- 

 ceeded his father at the age of 16. 

 Lerma was dismissed, and Philip 

 IV, who was provided with an 

 endless succession of amusements, 

 leaned on the count of Olivares 

 (q.v. ), who, by his aggressive foreign 

 policy, brought Spain to the verge 

 of ruin. When at last, after the loss 

 of Portugal and Roussillon, French 

 armies were in Spain, Philip IV 

 roused himself to dismiss his 

 minister, but was incapable of sus- 

 tained effort. His armies were de- 

 feated by the French under Conde 

 at Rocroi and at Lens, and Spain 

 was compelled to recognize the in- 

 dependence of the United Provinces. 

 Philip sought in vain in two 

 expeditions to recover Portu- 

 gal. His reign, though in other 

 respects disastrous, was a brilliant 

 period for art and letters, in both 

 of which Philip IV was a real con- 

 noisseur. He died in Madrid on 

 Sept. 17, 1665. By his first wife, 

 Elizabeth of France, he had six 

 children, only one of whom, Maria 

 Theresa, married to Louis XIV of 

 France, survived ; by his second 

 marriage, with Maria Anne of 

 Austria, he left a son, Charles II, 

 who succeeded him, and a daughter, 

 Margaret Theresa, whc married 

 Leopold I of Austria. 



Philip V (1683-1746). King of 

 Spam. Born Dec. 19, 1683, he was 

 the son of Louis, the dauphin of 

 France, and grandson of Louis 

 XIV. On the death of Charles II 

 of Spain in 1700, he was declared 

 heir to the throne of Spain and 

 the whole of the Spanish empire. 

 The inheritance was accepted by 



61 oe 



Louis XIV and the result was 

 the War of the Spanish Succes- 

 sion (q.v.). In the end Philip was 

 recognized as king of Spain, 

 though the Netherlands and the 

 Two Sicilies were separated from 

 the Spanish empire. Spanish affairs 

 were for a short time guided by 

 Cardinal Alberoni, whom Philip 

 was compelled by the European 

 Powers to dismiss in 1719 ; the real 

 director of Spanish policy, how- 

 ever, was Philip's queen, Elizabeth 

 Farnese. By joining in the War 

 of the Polish Succession she ob- 

 tained for her sons dominions in 

 Italy. Phiiip abdicated in favour 

 of his son Louis in 1724, but on 

 his death a few months later re- 

 ascended the throne. He died 

 July 9, 1746. See Memoirs of the 

 Kings of Spain, W. Coxe, 1815. 



Philip (1342-1404). Duke of 

 Burgundy, called the Bold. Son of 

 John II of France, he was born on 

 Jan. 15, 1342, 

 was captured 

 with his father 

 at Poitiers, 

 1356, and was 

 made duke of 

 Burgundy in 

 1363. He mar- 

 ried Margaret 

 of Flanders in 

 1 369, took part 

 in the English 

 wars, and hav- 

 ing defeated the insurgent Flem- 

 ings at Rosbeck in 1382, became 

 in 1384, through his wife's inherit- 

 ance, joint ruler with her of Flan- 

 ders, Franche Comte, and other 

 districts. In 1392 he became regent 

 for Charles VI of France. He died 

 April 27, 1404, and was succeeded 

 by John the Fearless. 



Philip (1396-1467). Duke of 

 Burgundy, called the Good. Son 

 of John the Fearless and Margaret 

 of Bavaria, he 

 was born at 

 Dijon, June 13, 

 1396, and suc- 

 ceeded his mur- 

 dered father, 

 1419. He made 

 an alliance with 

 Henry V of Eng- 

 land, 1419, but 

 quarrels with 

 the duke of Bed- 

 ford led to his withdrawal from the 

 campaign, and he made peace with 

 Charles VII, 1429. The same year 

 he married Isabella of Portugal and 

 instituted the Order of the Golden 

 Fleece. He renewed hostilities, cap- 

 tured Joan of Arc at Compiegne, 

 and made final peace in Sept., 1435, 

 recognizing the king of France as 

 his suzerain. He suppressed the in- 

 surrection of Ghent, 1448-53, sup- 

 ported the dauphin Louis against 



Philip the Bold, 

 Duke of Burgundy 



After Van Eyek 



Philip the Good, 

 Duke of Burgundy 



PHILIPPI 



Charles, 1456, and died at Bruges, 

 July 15, 1467. He was a patron of 

 learning and arts, and the founder 

 of the university of Dole. 



Philiphaugh. Battlefield in 

 Selkirkshire, 3 m. from Selkirk. 

 Here, Sept. 13, 1645, the marquess 

 of Montrose was defeated by the 

 parliamentarians under David 

 Leslie. After routing the Coven- 

 anters at Kilsyth, Montrose was 

 master of Scotland, and advanced 

 to the Border. The Highlanders 

 went home, leaving Montrose with 

 500 Irish and a few Borderers. 

 Leslie marched against him from 

 Nottinghamshire and surprised him 

 at Philiphaugh. The royalists were 

 overwhelmed, and Montrose fled to 

 the Highlands with a few followers. 

 The victory was stained by a 

 massacre of Irish prisoners and 

 women. See Montrose, Marquess of. 



Philippeville. Port of Algeria, 

 forming the main entrance to the 

 prov. of Constantine. The city, 

 founded by the French hi 1838, is 

 entirely European hi character, 

 but stands on the site of an ancient 

 city which has been identified 

 with the Rusicada of the Romans. 

 It is a terminus on the rly. system 

 54 m. by rly. from Constantine, 

 handles much of the trade of E. 

 Algeria and the Sahara, and has 

 steamer connexion with Algiers 

 and Marseilles. In the neighbour- 

 hood wheat, tobacco, cotton, and 

 fruit are produced, iron is mined, 

 and granite quarried. It was 

 bombarded by the German cruisers 

 Goeben and Breslau, Aug. 4, 1914. 



Philippi. City of ancient Mace- 

 donia. Founded by Philip of 

 Macedon, it was situated on a spur 

 of Mt. Pangaeus near the river 

 Gangas. Its gold mines are men- 

 tioned by Herodotus, but it is 

 chiefly important historically as 

 the scene of the battle in which 

 Brutus and Cassius were defeated, 

 42 B.C., after which it became a 

 Roman colony. One of the first 

 Christian churches was founded 

 here by the Apostle Paul, whose 

 letter to the inhabitants is included 

 in the N.T. See Philippians. 



Philippi, BATTLE OF. Term ap- 

 plied for convenience to two 

 separate battles fought in 42 B.C. 

 near Philippi in Macedonia be- 

 tween the forces of Brutus and 

 Cassius, and those of Octavian, 

 Caesar's grandnephew and heir, 

 and Antony. In the first battle the 

 wing of Cassius was defeated and 

 Cassius killed himself, while the 

 wing of Brutus was victorious. In 

 the second battle, 20 days later, 

 Brutus was defeated and com- 

 mitted suicide, and his army was 

 annihilated. The result of the 

 battle was to make Octavian and 

 Antony masters of the Roman 



