PHOENIX 



Phoenix. In Greek legend, king 

 of the Dolopes. He became tutor 

 of Achilles and accompanied him 

 to the Trojan War. Phoenix was 

 one of the heroes who took part in 

 the hunt for the Calydonian boar. 



Phoenix. In astronomy, one of 

 the sou them constellations. Named 

 by Bayer, 1603, it possesses a 

 number of well-known double 

 stars, Alpha Phoenicia having a 

 period of 190 days,. It has been 

 shown by Sir David Gill to be 

 moving away from the sun at over 

 50 m. a second. 



Phoenix. Mythical bird of the 

 Egyptians, sacred to the sun god. 

 In the best-known version of the 

 fable, the bird was supposed to 

 appear at Heliopolis once in every 

 500 years and build a pyre, on 

 which it was burnt, a new phoenix 

 rising from the ashes. 



Phoenix. City of Arizona, 

 U.S.A., the capital of the state and 

 the co. seat of Maricopa co. It is 

 145 m. N.W. of Tucson. Fruit, 

 grain, livestock, and olives are 

 traded in. Pop. 29,100. 



Phoenix. Group of eight small 

 islands in the Pacific Ocean, be- 

 longing to Great Britain. They are 

 situated about 1,200 m. N.E. of 

 Fiji. Area 16 sq. m. 



Phoenix. British assurance 

 company. It was founded in 1782, 

 being one of the oldest associations 

 of the kind. Its 

 funds are nearly 

 20,000,000, 

 . and tl,e bead 



Phoenix Assurance offices at 



Co. arms Phoenix House, 



King William Street, London, E.G. 



Phoenix Park. Public park on 

 the W confines of the city of 

 Dublin, Ireland. The name is de- 

 rived from the Irish fionn uisge, 

 clear water. It comprises 1,752 

 acres, with a circuit of 7 m. Within 

 the grounds are Viceregal Lodge 

 and the former residence of the 

 chief secretary, the zoological gar- 

 dens, the people's garden, and an 

 obHisk (205 ft. high) in memory of 

 t lie duke of Wellington Set Dublin. 



the new lord-lieutenant, entered 

 Dublin in state, and in the evening 

 Lord Frederick, the chief secretary, 

 and Burke, the under-secretary, 

 set out across Phoenix Park for the 

 former's residence. It was still 

 daylight, but on the way they were 

 attacked by nine men and killed. 

 In 1883 a buildef named James 

 Carey turned informer, and largely 

 on his evidence 20 men were found 

 guilty and five hanged for the 

 murders. Carey was sent for safety 

 to S. Africa, but, although great 

 secrecy was observed, he was 

 murdered at sea, July 29, 1883. 



Phoenixyille. Borough of 

 Pennsylvania, U.S.A., in Chester 

 co. It stands on French Creek, at 

 its union with the Schuylkill river, 

 28 m. N.W. of Philadelphia, and 

 is served by the Philadelphia and 

 Reading and the Pennsylvania 

 Rlys. Manufactures include iron 

 and steel products, boilers, hosiery, 

 silk, and matches. It was settled in 

 1732 and incorporated in 1849. 

 Pop. 10,500. 



Pholas. Genus of marine bi- 

 valve molluscs. They burrow in 

 soft rocks, wood, and firm mud 



Pholas. Section of soit rock show- 

 ing examples of Pholas dactyl as in 

 their burrows 



around the shore, about four species 

 occurring in Great Britain. They 

 have white shells, and the common 

 species, P. daclylus, is locally 

 known as the piddock, and used 

 both for bait and food. 



Phonetics (Gr. phonetikos, con- 

 nected with the voice). Study of 



Phoenix Park, Dublin. The Avenue which runs for two miles across the park 



Phoenix Park Murders. Name 

 given to the murders of Lord Fre- 

 derick Cavendish and T. H. Burke 

 hi Phoenix Park, Dublin, May 6, 

 1882. On that day Earl Spencer, 



the articulate sounds of a lan- 

 guage, the manner of their pro- 

 duction, their nature and mutual 

 relations. A current of air is sent 

 out from the lungs, which play the 



PHONETICS 



part of a pair of bellows. This 

 current passes through the larynx 

 (q.v.), where it may be modified by 

 the vibrations of the vocal cords. 



The sound thus produced, called 

 voice, is further individualised in 

 the oral and nasal cavities by the 

 action of the tongue or teeth, or the 

 position of the different parts of 

 the mouth. These cavities act as a 

 kind of sounding board, contact 

 with which increases the volume 

 and resonance, or timbre, of the 

 sound produced. In recent times 

 considerable attention has been 

 directed to a more scientific classi- 

 fication of the speech sounds, based 

 on physiological principles. The 

 old division was that into vowels 

 and consonants, the latter being 

 subdivided into mutes, liquids, 

 nasals, and spirants. Under mutes 

 were included tenues (k, t, p), 

 mediae (g, d, b), aspirates (kh, th, 

 ph).; liquids were 1 and r; nasals 

 were m and n ; and spirants were 

 f, h, j, s, and v. 



Modern classification recognizes 

 the following principles. Conso- 

 nants are arranged in pairs : 

 voiced or sonants, and voiceless or 

 surds. In voiced sounds the vocal 

 cords are put into rhythmic vibra- 

 tions by being tightened, and a 

 musical clang is produced ; but 

 when the breath streams through 

 the wide-open glottis, and no arti- 

 culation takes place in the larynx, 

 voiceless sounds arise. Thus g, b, 

 d, w, v, and the English nasals are 

 voiced ; k, p, t, wh, f, voiceless. 



Consonants are further classified 

 according to the amount of restric- 

 tion to which the air is subjected 

 in the mouth and nose cavities. 

 (1) Fricatives or spirants are pro- 

 duced by the mouth-canal being 

 narrowed in part and the air rub- 

 bing against the narrowed part 

 (ch, f, j, w, s). (2) Explosives arise 

 through the sudden closing and re- 

 opening of any part of the mouth- 

 passage, which, as it were, causes 

 the air to burst forth. These sounds 

 are also called momentary in con- 

 trast to continuous sounds, the arti- 

 culation of which can be prolonged. 

 (3) Side-consonants are produced 

 by the tongue closing the middle of 

 the air-passage, and letting the air 

 escape at the sides, as in 1. (4) 

 Nasals are formed by turning the 

 air current into the nose instead of 

 the mouth. As a rule, the nasal 

 cavity is shut off by the soft palate 

 and pure mouth-sounds are pro- 

 duced (a, t, f ). But if the soft palate 

 is allowed to hang down freely, so 

 that the sound can pass through 

 the nasal cavity, the result is the 

 pure nasals (m, n). 



Consonants are also classified ac- 

 cording to the place of articulation. 

 (1) Labials or lip-sounds : here the 



