PHOTOTHERAPY 



in the telescope, and its mean tem- 

 perature has been calculated to be 

 7,000 C. See Sun. 



Phototherapy. Treatment of 

 disease by the influence of light. 

 See Finsen Light. 



Phraates. Name of several 

 kings of Parthia. The best known 

 was Phraates IV, who, on coming 

 to the throne, 37 B.C., eliminated 

 possible rivals by murdering his 

 father, his 30 brothers, and even 

 one of his sons. He successfully 

 defended his kingdom against a 

 Roman expedition under Antony, 

 36 B.C., but his tyranny caused a 

 revolution and he was expelled. 

 Reinstated with the help of the 

 Scythians, he drove out Tiridates, 

 who had been made king in his 

 stead. The latter, however, took 

 with him in his flight to Rome the 

 youngest son of Phraates. This 

 boy the emperor Augustus agreed 

 to restore to his father on condition 

 that the Parthians gave up the 

 standards they had taken after the 

 defeats of Antony and of Crassus 

 at Carrhae in 53 B.C. Phraates was 

 poisoned by his wife, c. 4 B.C. 

 /Vow. Pray-ayteez. 



Phrase (Gr. phrazein, to speak). 

 Literally, two or more words ex- 

 pressing a single idea. By phrasing 

 is understood the wording of a 

 speech or writing. A phrase book 

 is a book containing or explaining 

 phrases. (See Style.) 



In music the term has much the 

 same connotation. Music possesses 

 melodic progressions and harmonic 

 cadences, which largely represent 

 the comma, semicolon, and full 

 stop, and define the subordinate 

 clause, the phrase, and the com- 

 plete sentence. In musical per- 

 formance the word phrasing also 

 includes the artistic attachment 

 and detachment of the tiny figures 

 or sub-clauses, the 'proper use of 

 legato, and the delivery of accents 

 in due proportion. See Musical 

 Expression, M. Lussy, Eng. trans. 

 M. E. Glehn, 1855 ; Dictionary of 

 Music and Musicians, vol. iii, G. 

 Grove, 1904-10. 



Phratry (Gr. phratria, brother- 

 hood). Tribal or kinship division. 

 In early Athens the tribe com- 

 prised three phratries, which de- 

 veloped into politico-religious fra- 

 ternities. An Australian tribe 

 usually embraces two exogamoua 

 moieties, each with a totem-name ; 

 for instance, Eagle-hawk and Crow, 

 Emu and Kangaroo. Each phratry 

 includes two or four exogamous 

 classes, thereby securing an equable 

 distribution of the food-stock. 

 Some N. American Indian tribes 

 were organized into two or more 

 phratries, each comprising one or 

 more matrilineal clans or patri- 

 linoal gentes. See Greece. 



6 1 29 



Phrenic Nerve (Gr. phren, 

 diaphragm). Nerve formed by the 

 third and fourth cervical nerves 

 and a branch of the fifth on each 

 side of the neck. It passes down the 

 neck, and, having traversed the 

 cavity of the chest, supplies the 

 diaphragm or large horizontal 

 muscle, which separatesthe thoracic 

 and abdominal muscles. Division 

 of the phrenic nerve leads to 

 paralysis of the corresponding half 

 of the diaphragm and may cause 

 serious disturbance of respiration. 

 See Nerve. 



Phrenology (Gr. phren, mind ; 

 logos, science). So-called science 

 having for its basis the supposition 

 that mental faculties and traits of 

 character can be gauged from the 

 shape and size of the skull. It is 

 claimed that the brain is a con- 

 geries of organs, through each of 

 which a distinct power of intellect 

 is manifested. The strength of each 

 mental organ is judged by the ex- 

 tent of the cerebral development, 



Phrenology. Diagram indicating 

 the sections into which the skull is 

 divided phrenologically. See text 



due allowance being made for 

 quality of brain, combinations of 

 organs, etc. 



The founder of phrenology was 

 F. J. Gall, who sought to demon- 

 strate that there was a concomitance 

 between talents and dispositions 

 and particular forms of heads. Gall 

 mapped out, as it were, the surface 

 of the skull into twenty-six patches, 

 and named them according to the 

 mental or moral faculties he sup- 

 posed they represented. Johann 

 Gasper Spurzheim, a German 

 physician, studied the system under 

 Gall, elaborated it, and through his 

 lectures and books introduced 

 phrenology to the people of Great 

 Britain. He increased the faculties 

 to thirty-five, and modern phren- 

 ologists have added a further seven. 



Whatever vogue phrenology has 

 obtained in Great Britain is due, 

 after Spurzheim, to the Scottish 

 brothers, George and Andrew 

 Combe, who did much to make the 

 system popular. Bernard Hol- 



PHRYGIA 



lander, M.D., through his books, 

 functions of the Brain and Scien- 

 tific Phrenology, raised the system 

 as near to the level of a science as it 

 is ever likely to become. As an 

 indication, on broad lines, of the 

 power of the faculties, phrenology 

 may be useful, but its specific 

 claims are rejected by science. 

 Even when the localisation of the 

 functions is admitted, there is 

 little or no proof that they affect 

 the form of the skull or indicate 

 the power or quality of the brain. 



The forty-two sections into 

 which most phrenologists divide 

 the skull are as follows. The posi- 

 tion of the sections is indicated by 

 the diagram. 



1. Amativeness. 2. Conjugality. 

 3. Parental Love. 4. Friendship. 5. 

 Inhabitiveness. 6. Continuity. 7. 

 Vitativeness (love of life). 8. Com- 

 bativeness. 9. Destructiveness. 

 10. Alimentiveness. 11. Acquisi- 

 tiveness. 12. Secretiveness. 13. 

 Cautiousness. 14. Approbativeness. 

 15. Self-esteem. 16. Firmness. 

 17. Conscientiousness. 18. Hope. 

 19. Spirituality. 20. Veneration. 

 21. Benevolence. 22. Censtructive- 

 ness. 23. Ideality. 24. Sublimity. 

 25. Imitation. 26. Mirthfulness. 

 27. Individuality. 28. Form. 29. 

 Size. 30. Weight. 31. Colour. 32. 

 Order. 33. Calculation. 34. Lo- 

 cality. 35. Eventuality. 36. Time. 

 37. Tune. 38. Language. 39. 

 Causality. 40. Comparison. 41. 

 Human Nature. 42. Agreeableness. 

 See Anatomy : Brain ; consult also 

 Revival of Phrenology, B. Hol- 

 lander, 1901; Phrenology, J. C. 

 Spurzheim, rev. ed. 1908; Phreno- 

 logy, W. P. Thornton, 5th. ed. 1916. 



Phrygia. Ancient country of 

 Asia Minor. It comprehended 

 roughly the tableland of modern 

 Anatolia as far E. as the river 

 Halys, but its confines varied at 

 different times. It was inhabited 

 by the Phryges, who, according to 

 the researches of archaeologists and 

 ethnologists, in agreement with 

 ancient tradition, were warlike 

 settlers of Aryan descent from 

 Thrace. The inhabitants displaced 

 by these invaders, probably about 

 1200 B.C., appear to have been of 

 .the same mixed race as the Hittites, 

 to whose empire they may possibly 

 have belonged. 



Tradition, confirmed by mod- 

 ern research, also asserts the 

 existence of a powerful Phrygian 

 monarchy, beginning at an un- 

 known date and lasting till the be- 

 ginning of the 7th century B.C.. 

 when it was overthrown by the 

 great Cimmerian invasion. The 

 names of Midas and Gordius, well 

 known in legend, are associated 

 with this Phrygian monarchy. 

 When the Cimmerii were driven 



2B 7 



