PHRYGIAN MODE 



6130 



PHYLLOXERA 



out by Alyattes, founder of the 

 Lydian empire, Phrygia passed 

 under the dominion of the latter, 

 to pass in turn under that of the 

 Persians, when the Lydians were 

 subdued by Cyrus. 



After the overthrow of the 

 Persian empire by Alexander, 

 Phrygia became part of the 

 Seleucid kingdom, and it was 

 during this period, about 260 B.C., 

 that the invasion of Asia Minor 

 by the Gauls resulted in a slice of 

 Phrygian territory, known hence- 

 forth as Galatia, being settled 

 by Gauls. Eventually Phrygia 

 became incorporated in the Roman 

 empire. The music of Greece owed 

 much to Phrygia, which was 

 devoted to the wild orgiastic cults 

 of Cybele and Dionysus. See 

 Descriptions of Ancient Monuments 

 of Lydia and Phrygia, J. R. Steuart, 

 1842 ; Journal of Hellenic Studies, 

 1881, etc. ; Cities and Bishoprics of 

 Phrygia, W. M. Ramsay, 1895-97. 



Phrygian Mode. In music, 

 third of the church modes, E being 

 its final and C its dominant. The 

 semitones fall between the 1st and 

 2nd, and the 5th and 6th degrees. 

 The Phrygian Cadence (minor key 

 only) is when the first inversion 

 of the subdominant precedes the 

 dominant chord. 



Phryne. Greek courtesan of the 

 fourth century B.C. She sat to 

 Apelles as model for his great 

 picture of Aphrodite rising from 

 the sea. Indicted on a charge 

 of profaning the Eleusinian mys- 

 teries, she was defended by the 

 orator Hyperides, who is said to 

 have secured the verdict in her 

 favour by rending her robe and 

 exposing her charms. 



Phrynichus. One of the oldest 

 Greek tragic poets, a native of 

 Athens. His best known plays, 

 in which he was the first to in- 

 troduce dialogue, were the Capture 

 of Miletus by the Persians, which 

 so affected the audience that all 

 future reference to it was for- 

 bidden ; and the Phoenician 

 Women, a lament for the defeat 

 of Xerxes at Salamis, put on the 

 stage by Themistocles to glorify 

 his share in that event. Another 

 Phrynichus, a sophist of Bithynia, 

 lived in the 2nd century A.D. He 

 was the author of a work called 

 The Atticist, containing a collec- 

 tion of Attic and non-Attic ex- 

 pressions. 



Phylactery and thongs by which it is bound to the fore- 

 head or arm 



Phthalic Acid, C 6 H 4 (COOH),. 

 White crystalline substance manu- 

 factured from naphthalene. The 

 tetrachloride of naphthalene is first 

 prepared by grinding naphthalene 

 with water and potassium chlorate, 

 carefully drying the mixture, and 

 then adding it in small quantities 

 at a time to strong hydrochloric 

 acid. The naphthalene tetrachlo- 

 ride thus obtained is treated with 

 nitric acid, phthalic anhydride 

 being formed, which is converted 

 into phthalic acid by boiling with 

 an alkali. Phthalic anhydride is 

 used in the manufacture of dyes 

 and for making phenolphthalein. 



Phthisis (Gr., wasting away). 

 Literally, disease accompanied by 

 much wasting of the tissues. The 

 term is now restricted to tubercu- 

 lous disease of the lungs. See 

 Tuberculosis. Pron. thy-sis or 

 ty-sis. 



Phulkian States. Group of 

 three native states of India, in the 

 Punjab. They occupy a semi-arid 

 area between the Jumna and the 

 Sutlej, N. of Rajputana. The chief 

 crops are native food grains. The 

 three rulers are direct descendants 

 of Phul, who died in 1652, after 

 having established his authority 

 over the area, which came under 

 British protection in 1809. Total 

 area, 7,599 sq. m. Pop. 1,928,000. 

 See Jind ; Patiala ; Nabha. 



Phycomyceteae. Division of 

 fungi consisting of single-celled 

 threads, which form a mould-like 

 feltwork. The familiar white 

 mould (Mucor rmtcedo) that forms 

 on jam and other sugary substances 

 is a good example. Examination 

 of this with a lens shows that the 

 erect branches that arise from the 

 feltwork end above in a globular 

 head, which is filled with the dust- 

 like spores. The Potato-blight 

 (Phytophthora infestans) and the 

 Salmon Disease (Saprolegnia fe- 

 rox) are also included in this group. 

 Phylactery OB FRONTLET (Gr. 

 phylakterion, safeguard). Among 

 the Jews, strips of parchment in- 

 scribed with passages from Ex. 

 13 and Deut. 6, enclosed in a 

 black calf-skin case, and fastened 

 by thongs to the forehead or left 

 hand or arm, the command in 

 Deut. vi, 8, being literally inter- 

 preted. Used as early as the 3rd 

 century B.C., and alluded to by 

 Josephus, phylacteries, or tephil- 

 Un, by reminding the wearer of 

 the Divine law, 

 served to protect 

 him against sin. 

 Modern Jews 

 wear them on 

 an undergarment 

 called a tattith or 

 prayer-veil. They 

 are not worn by 



the Karaite Jews, and are only 

 alluded to once (Matt, xxiii, 5) in 

 the N.T. The word is someetones 

 used to describe a case containing 

 relics of the dead. See History of 

 Amulets, Charms, and Talismans, 

 M. L. Rodkinssohn, 1893. 



Phyllite (Gr. phyllon, leaf). In 

 geology, a group of clay rocks re- 

 sembling slates, containing mus- 

 covite or white mica. Though the 

 rock splits readily, it is uneven in 

 its cleavage, and too soft to use 

 for general building purposes. 

 Phyllites are found in many parts 

 of the United Kingdom, Europe, 

 America, etc. 



Phyllocactus. Small genus of 

 leafless succulent shrubs of the 

 natural order Cactaceae, natives of 



Phyllocactus. Flower of the leafless 

 tropical American shrub 



tropical America. They have flat- 

 tened green stems and branches 

 with notched edges. From the 

 notches are produced the large, 

 showy, red, rose or white flowers, 

 which have a tubular calyx, 

 numerous petals and stamens, and 

 the long style spreads at the top 

 into the many- branched stigma. 

 Several of the species have flowers 

 from six to 12 ins. across. 



Phylloxera. Genus of insect 

 pests of the natural order 

 Hemiptera. They are very similar 

 to green fly (q.v.), and one species, 

 P. vastalrix, the grape-louse, chiefly 

 infests grape vines. They cause de- 

 struction by laying eggs under the 

 bark of the vines, and when hatched 

 out destroy the whole plants, inclu- 

 ding the roots, if they are not dealt 

 with in time. Spraying or washing 

 with bisulphide of carbon is an 

 excellent remedy for small vineries, 

 but where the disease is on a large 

 scale frequent spraying with pe- 

 troleum emulsion is said to be the 

 most efficacious remedy. 



Introduced in vines imported 

 from N. America, the phylloxera 

 appeared in Europe about 1863 

 and in a few years spread through 

 all the vine-growing countries, 



