PIUATUS 



accusers to be crucified (Matt. 

 27; Mark 15; Luke 23; John 18- 

 19). Called to Rome to answer 

 charges against him, Pilate is said 

 to have been banished to Gaul, 

 and to have committed suicide. 

 The Copts declare that he died a 

 Christian martyr ; the Ethiopic 

 Church regards him as a saint, his 

 day being June 25. His wife. 

 Claudia Procula or Procla (Matt. 

 27), is honoured by the Greek 

 Church as a saint, her day bein 

 Oct. 27. Apart from the N.T. the 

 authorities for the character of 

 Pilate are Philo, Josephus, and 

 Eusebius. See Jesus Christ. 



Pilatus. Mountain mass of cen 

 tral Switzerland. Situated between 

 the cantons of Lucerne and Unter 

 walden, about 5 m. S. of Lucerne, 

 alt. 6,996 ft., it commands one o: 

 the most extensive views in Swit 

 zerland. The Fractus Mons ot 

 the ancients, in the Middle Ages 

 it was called Mons Pileatus the 

 capped mountain, from its gener 

 ally cloud-capped summit From a 

 misunderstanding of this name 

 arose the legends connecting the 

 mountain with Pontius Pilate. 

 There is a mt. rly. for tourists. 



Pilch, FULLER (1803-70). Eng 

 ^^^^^^^^ lish cricketer. Born 

 at Horningtoft, 

 Norfolk, March 17, 

 1803, he became 

 a tailor. A keen 

 cricketer, he w a s 

 soon playing for 

 the county, two 

 brothers winning 

 the same dis- 

 tinction, and was 

 a member of a 

 strong eleven at 

 Bury St. Edmunds. 

 In 1827 he played 

 for England, as he 

 did later, and from 

 1836-54 he was a 

 regular member of 

 the Kent team. He 

 died May 1, 1870. 



Pilchard (Clupea 

 pilchardus). Fish of 

 Fromaprini.Kn ^he herring family 

 Found in the English Channel west 

 of Portland, ofl the coasts of Por- 

 tugal and Spain, there is a smaller 

 race in the Mediterranean. It is 

 about 8-10 ins. Jong at maturity, 

 and may be distinguished from the 

 herring by the larger size and 

 smaller number of the larger scales 

 and by the absence of teeth. Im 

 mature pilchards in their first 

 year taken off the W. coast of 

 France and tinned in oil are the 

 true sardines of commerce. Pil- 

 chards are taken off the Cornish 

 shore in the late autumn and 

 throughout the winter. The seine 

 net is chieflv used, and the shoals 



Fuller Pilch, 

 English 

 cricketer 



Pontius Pilate washing his hands 



after sentencing Jesus. From the 



painting by M. Wohlgemuth 



of the boundary between Argen- 

 tina and Paraguay. The principal 

 affluents are the Pilaya and the 

 Paspaya. Its estimated length is 

 about 1,300m. 



Pile (Lat. pilum, javelin;. in 

 heraldry, a wedge-shaped charge, 

 borne pendant from the top of the 

 shield, the point ending a short 

 distance from the base. A pile 

 can be borne " reversed," pointing 

 upwards. See Heraldry and 

 colour-plate. 



Pile (Lat. pila, pillar). In elec- 

 tricity, a voltaic or galvanic dry 

 battery. There are several types, 

 of which Zamboni's dry pile is ill us 

 trative. This consists of many 

 paper disks with a coating of tin 

 or silver on one side, and binoxide 

 of manganese on the other. Many 

 hundreds or even thousands of these 

 disks may be piled and clamped 

 together by two metallic rods 

 which serve as terminals. 



Pile and Pile Driving. Method 

 of providing support in soft or sub- 

 mprsed cround for bridges, piers, 



Pilatus, Switzerland. Summit of the mountain from the west ; in the cemr? 

 distance are seen the Lake of Lucerne and the Rigi mountain heights 



are located by watchers or " huers" 

 stationed on the cliffs, who detect 

 them by the reddish tinge which 

 they give to the water. The imma- 

 ture pilchards thus taken, are at 

 once slightly salted, packed in bar- 

 rels, and shipped to the Mediterra- 

 nean, to be re-shipped as sardines. 

 See Sardine. 



Pilcomayo. River of central 

 S. America, the chief tributary of 

 the Paraguay. It rises in the S. of 

 Bolivia and flows in a S.E. direc- 

 tion, uniting with the Paraguay 

 near Asuncion. It traverses the 

 Gran Chaco (q.v. ), and forms part 



Pilchard. I ar-'e-scaled lish or the 

 herring family 



jetties, and foundations. The piles 

 may project into the air and be 

 part of the superstructure, as in a 

 trestle bridge ; or be completely 

 embedded and act merely as a 

 hard surface. The most usual form 

 of pile is a balk of timber pitch- 

 pine, oak, greenheart, or Tas- 

 manian gum sharpened at the 

 lower end, shod with a pointed 

 steel shoe, and ringed at the top to 

 prevent splitting. The toe of such 

 a pile is shown in section in Fig. 1 

 In Fig. 2 is shown an octagonal 

 timber pile with a screw point, and 

 in Fig. 3 an all-metal screw pile, 

 the point of this pile may be either 

 of cast iron or cast steel ; the body 

 may be in the form of a tube of 

 iron or steel ; the upper portion ol 

 the screw is given the great width 

 shown in order to increase the con- 

 tact and bearing surface. Rein- 

 forced concrete piles are now em- 

 ployed for many purposes, as being 

 more durable than timber. A part 

 section of such a pile is shown in 

 Fig. 4, in which A, A are wrought 

 iron or steel rods tied with thick 



