PILLOW 



1 8 1 6 its use was restricted to punish- 

 ment for perjury and subornation, 

 perjurers being still liable to have 

 their ears nailed to the pillory ; 

 and in 1837 it was abolished, hav- 

 ing last been used, June 22, 1830, 

 for the punishment of Peter James 

 Bossy, convicted of perjury. The 

 pillory was used in Germany, in 

 France as late as 1840, and in the 

 U.S.A. until 1839. See Torture. 



Pillow. Cushion filled with 

 feathers, down, or other soft 

 material, chiefly used for rest- 

 ing the head on when in bed. In 

 engineering, a pillow is the block or 

 packing inserted under that part 

 of the work which is subjected to 

 weight, in order to equalise or dis- 

 tribute the pressure. 



Pillow Lace. Lace made by 

 hand with the aid of a straw-stuffed 

 leather pillow. The design is traced 

 upon parchment attached to the 

 top of the pillow. Pins are inserted 

 at the necessary points of the design, 

 and the worker, using thread wound 

 upon little bobbins, forms the pat- 

 tern by twisting or plaiting two or 

 more threads together. Pillow lace 

 is made without any foundation of 

 fabric, and is composed of twisted 

 and plaited thread. See Lace. 



Pillsbury, HARRY NELSON 

 (1872-1906). American chess 

 player. Born at Somerville, Mass., 

 Dec. 5, 1872, 

 he learned the 

 game in Phil- 

 adelphia and 

 New York, and 

 soon became 

 famed as a 

 player. In 

 1895, at Hast- 

 ings, he won 

 the w o r 1 d's 

 championship, 

 defeating Bird, 

 L a s k e r, and 

 Steinitz. He won other champion- 

 ships and was an active player 

 until his death, June 17, 1906. 



Pillsbury, JOHN ELLIOTT (1846- 

 1919). American sailor. Born Dec. 

 15, 1846, and entering the navy in 

 1867, he was 

 in command 

 of the dyna- 

 mite cruiser 

 Vesuvius off 

 Santiago in 

 the Spanish - 

 American 

 War, 1898. 

 Occupied in 

 coast survey 

 for 10 years, 

 he investigated the Gulf Stream 

 currents, 1884-91. Chief of staff of 

 the North Atlantic fleet in 1905, 

 and chief of Bureau of Navigation, 

 1908-9, he retired in the latter 

 year, dying Dec. 30, 1919. 



6 1 58 



Harry Pillsbury, 



American chess 



player 



Ruiiell 



John E. Pills buiy, 

 American sailor 



Pillory. Daniel Defoe standing in the pillory at 

 Temple Bar. London. From the picture by E. Crowe 



Pillwort OR PEPPER-GRASS (Pil- 

 ularia globulifera). Perennial herb 

 of the natural order Marsileaceae. 

 It is a native of Europe N. of the 

 Alps. It is one of the water- ferns, 

 but has a closer superficial resem- 

 blance to a delicate grass than to a 

 fern. Its habitat is the margin of 

 ponds and lakes, and ground that 

 is inundated in winter. The creep- 

 ing rootstock is a mere thread 

 from which the slender bright 

 green fronds unroll. The spores are 

 produced in rough-coated globular 

 capsules at the base of the fronds. 



Pilocarpine. Alkaloid, a white 

 crystalline powder, obtained from 

 the leaves of jaborandi or Pilo- 

 carpus microphyllus and other 

 species. It is used in medicine to 

 stimulate sweating, particularly 

 in Bright's disease. 



Pilot. Person who navigates 

 vessels. A licensed pilot is a person 

 taken on board a vessel at any 

 particular place for the purpose of 

 conducting a ship through a river, 

 road, or channel, or from or into a 

 port, and, as regards the United 

 Kingdom, is defined by the 

 Merchant Shipping Act, 1894. 



Pilots are licensed and con- 

 trolled in various British ports by 

 particular statutes and ancient 

 charters of incorporation, as 

 Trinity House, Cinque Port Pilots, 

 and Trinity Houses of Hull and 

 Newcastle, etc. In most cases it is 

 obligatory upon a ship entering a 

 port to take in a pilot, who has 

 sole responsibility while in charge 

 of the ship. The master or mate 

 of a ship may be licensed as a pilot 

 and bring the ship into port. 



The licence of a pilot is issued by 

 the chief officer of customs nearest 

 to where the pilot lives, and the 

 licence carries with it certain 

 restrictions, e.g. a licensed pilot 

 cannot have any interest in 

 licensed premises. 



The Merchant Shipping Act of 

 1906 ordained that in future no 

 new pilot certificates for British 



PILOT FISH 



ports should b e 

 given to aliens, 

 but aliens already 

 holding certificates 

 on June 1, 1906, 

 were not deprived 

 of them. In 1919 

 the subject of alien 

 pilots again came 

 before Parliament in 

 connexion with the 

 Aliens' Restriction 

 Amendment bill.and 

 French pilots may 

 navigate vessels into 

 the ports of New- 

 haven and Grimsby 

 See Navigation. 



Pilot. In aero- 

 nautics, one quali- 

 fied to control an aircraft in flight. 

 There are certain recognized stand- 

 ard tests for pilots of aircraft. 

 Thus the Federation Aeronautiquo 



Pillwort. showing to the leit the 

 globular spore capsules 



Internationale, represented in 

 Great Britain by the Royal Aero 

 Club, has laid down tests for the 

 pilots of free balloons, airships, 

 and aeroplanes. Without having 

 passed these tests no pilot is elig- 

 ible for any sporting competition 

 held under the auspices of the 

 F.A.I, or any of its associated 

 bodies. Under the Aerial Naviga- 

 tion Acts no pilot may fly outside 

 the confines of an aerodrome with- 

 out passing tests similar to, but 

 somewhat extended from, those 

 laid down by the F.A.I. See Air 

 Force, Royal ; Airmanship. 



Pilot Fish (Naucrates ductor). 

 Marine fish, nearly related to the 

 horse mackerel. It is about a foot 



Pilot Fish. Marine fisu related to 

 the horse mackerel 



Jong and of a bluish colour with 

 dark transverse stripes. It is com- 

 mon in the tropic seas and often 



