War of Independence, he took 

 part in the Constitutional Conven- 

 tion in 1787, and was responsible 

 for the clause abolishing religious 

 tests as a qualification for office. 

 He was one of the special envoys 

 to France in what became known 

 as the X Y Z mission. Pinckney 

 was a supporter of slavery, a strong 

 Federalist, and twice an unsuc- 

 cessful candidate for the Presi- 

 dency. He died at Charleston, 

 August 16, 1825. 



Pindar (c. 522-443 B.C.). Greek 

 lyric poet. He was born of a noble 

 Dorian family, near Thebes, in 

 Boeotia. The traditions of the 

 family were musical, and Pindar 

 is believed to have excelled in 

 flute playing. His first poetical 

 composition was a choral ode, 

 written at the age of 20 in celebra- 

 tion of the victory of a Thessalian 

 youth at the Pythian games. He 

 rose rapidly to fame.receiving com- 

 missions to write choral songs for 

 special occasions from all parts of 

 the Greek world, from demo- 

 cracies such as Athens and from 

 tyrants such as Hiero of Syracuse 

 in Sicily. He came to be regarded 

 as the great national lyric poet of 

 Greece, and after his death his 

 memory was held in the utmost 

 veneration. When the Spartans 

 destroyed Thebes in the Pelo- 

 ponnesian War, the house of Pin- 

 dar was spared, and the same 

 honour was paid to his memory by 

 Alexander when Thebes was again 

 destroyed by the Macedonians. 



Pindar wrote lyrics of many 

 forms, including hymns to the 

 gods, dancing songs, carnival 

 songs, and dirges ; but, except for 

 fragments, all that have survived 

 are his epinikia, or odes written 

 in celebration of victories at the 

 great national games of Greece. 

 These are divided into four books 

 according as the victories celebra- 

 ted were at the Olympian, Py- 

 thian, Nemean, or Isthmian games. 

 Not only is the language of the 

 odes epic (with an admixture of 

 Doric and Aeolic), but there is a 

 background of epic legend. Not in- 

 frequently the poet endeavours to 

 inculcate a moral lesson. 



Much of the beauty of the odes 

 is lost because the modern reader 

 cannot hear them in the mag- 

 nificent setting of the festivals at 

 which they were chanted. Yet even 

 in the cold text the wonderful radi 

 ance and dazzling rapidity of 

 Pindar remain. The metres, though 

 to an uninstructed eye apparently 

 irregular, conform to a definite 

 system of prosody. The so-called 

 Pindarics of Cowley, Dryden, and 

 other lesser poets are prosodic 

 absurdities, composed in ignorance 

 of the fact that the Greek lyrist's 



odes were built up on a precise 

 and accurate system. There is an 

 excellent translation, with paral- 

 lel text, by Sir J. E. Sandys in the 

 Loeb Classical Library, 1915. See 

 Greek Literature : Ode ; consult 

 also Pindar, F. D. Morice, 1879; 

 History of Ancient Greek Litera 

 ture, G Murray, 3rd ed. 1902. 



Pindar, the greatest lyric poet of 

 ancient Greece 



From a tuit in Villa AUani, Rome 



Pindar, PETER. Pseudonym of 

 John Wolcot (1738-1819). British 

 satirist. He was born at Dod- 

 b r o o k c, in 

 D e v o n s hire, 

 and having 

 q u a 1 i fied in 

 medicine went 

 to Jamaica 

 and became 

 physician- 

 general of the 

 island. Re- 

 turning to 

 England in 

 1773, he set up in practice in 

 Cornwall, where his ideas of treat- 

 ment scandalised his orthodox 

 medical brethren, specially his re- 

 mark that a physician could do 

 little more than watch nature and 

 " give her a shove on the back if 

 he sees her inclined to do right." 

 In 1781 he gave up practice and 

 came to London, where his satires 

 and lampoons, witty but brutal 

 and sometimes profane, on the 

 Royal Academy, on royalty, and 

 on other subjects, brought him " 

 great fame, though they are now 

 completely forgotten, except for 

 a few pointed apophthegms. Wol- 

 cot died Jan. 14, 1819. 



Pindar is. Body of brigands and 

 freebooters of all nations and reli-?^ 

 gions of India. They carried on pil- 

 laging and marauding expeditions 

 from headquarters in the Vindhya 

 Hills, and in the opening years of 

 the 19th century had become the 



scourge of Central India. A Pindari 

 invasion of the British possessions 

 in the Deccan in 1815 brought 

 matters to a head, and the forces of 

 Hastings, the governor - general, 

 surrounded the Pindari district in 

 1817, and crushed the brigand 

 power. 



Find Dadan Khan. Town oi 

 the Punjab, India, in Jhelum dist. 

 Situated 5 m. from the Salt Range 

 and 1 m. from the Jhelum, it was 

 founded in 1623 by Dadan Khan, 

 and has considerable local trade, 

 especially in salt. Pop. 10,600 



Pindemonte, IPPOLITO (1753- 

 1828). Italian poet. Born at 

 Verona, he was educated at Mo- 

 dena, and at the age of 24 went to 

 Rome, where he became a member 

 of the Arcadian Academy. As such, 

 he undertook a translation of the 

 Odyssey, and to prepare himself 

 for this work he visited the various 

 places associated with the legend of 

 Ulysses. Having published a 

 volume of poems in classic form, 

 Poesie Campestri, in 1788, he 

 travelled in Germany, France, and 

 England. In 1807 he published a 

 fine poem in reply to Ugo Foscolo's 

 Sepolcri, with the same title. His 

 translation of the Odyssey into 

 Italian blank verse was finally 

 completed in 1822. He died at 

 Verona, Nov. 18, 1828. 



Pindus. Mt. range of N.W. 

 Greece. Once the boundary be- 

 tween Epirus and Thessaly, it is 

 the continuation S. of the Albanian 

 Mountains and culminates in 

 Vcluchi, 7,600 ft. 



Pine (Pinus). Genus of about 

 70 species of large evergreen trees 

 of the natural order Coniferae, 

 natives chiefly of the N. temperate 

 regions and the mountains of the N. 

 tropics. The branches form whorls, 

 each whorl marking a season's 

 growth. The lower branches are 

 killed off by the upper ones depriv- 

 ing them of light. The evergreen 

 leaves are needle-shaped, produced 

 in clusters of two to five. The 

 flowers are simple, without sepals 

 or petals, and the males and fe- 

 males are on separate branches. 

 The males are clustered in spikes at 

 the base of new shoots and consist 

 merely of scale-like stamens, each 

 with two ant her- bags filled with 

 t sulphur-coloured powdery pollen. 

 The females are found near the tips 

 of shoots in the form of round, 

 scaly cones, each scale bearing a 

 couple of seed eggs. After fertilisa- 

 tion by wind- borne pollen these 

 develop into the hard woody pine- 

 cones, in which the seeds do not 

 ripen until the second or third year 

 after their fertilisation. 



For the production of the valu- 

 able soft timber (deal), pines are 

 grown crowded together, in order to 



2D 7 



