PINT 



in an engagement E. of Pinsk. 

 The town was occupied by the 

 Poles and recovered by the Bolshe- 

 vists during the fighting between 

 them in 1920 



Pint. Measure ot capacity. The 

 English pint is both a liquid and a 

 dry measure, is the eighth part of an 

 imperial gallon, and contain? 

 34-65925 cubic inches. The pint is 

 subdivided into four gills, and 

 two pints make a quart. The 

 Scottish pint contains a little over 

 three imperial pints, and the U.S.A. 

 standard pint 28-875 cubic inches. 

 In medicine a pint is equivalent to 

 twenty fluid ounces. See Weights 

 and Measures. 



Pintail Duck (Dafila acuta). 

 Wild duck, widely distributed 

 over the N. hemisphere and a 



Pintail Duck. A winter migrant to 

 Britain 



W. S. Berriigt, F.Z.S. 



winter migrant to British shores 

 It breeds in Scotland and the is- 

 lands adjacent. Locally known as 

 the sea-pheasant, it is easily recog- 

 *nized by its slender and graceful 

 form, and long, pointed tail. It 

 occurs in small flocks near the shore 

 and feeds upon weeds, crustaceans, 

 and insects. 



Pintle. Pin or hook by which a 

 rudder is attached to the stern- 

 post of a ship The similar pin 

 used for hinges of any kind is often 

 known as a pintle. 



Pinturicchio, BERNARDINO 

 (1454-1513). Italian painter. 

 Born at Perugia, he studied under 

 Fiorenzo di Lorenzo, and worked in 

 the Sistine Chapel, Rome, 1482. 

 He subsequently visited Orvieto, 

 Perugia, Spoleto, and Milan. At 

 Siena he painted the Life of Aeneas 

 Silvius (Pope Pius II) in the 

 library. The Sistine Chapel and 

 Borgia frescoes at the Vatican were 

 his most successful works. His art 

 deteriorated before his death, 

 which took place at Siena, Dec. 11, 

 1513. See Alexander VI ; Ceiling. 



Pin well, GEORGE JOHN (1842- 

 75). British painter and illus- 

 trator. Born in London, Dec. 26, 

 1842, he studied at the St. Martin's 

 Lane Academy and Heatherley's. 

 He was elected A.R.W.S. in 1869. 

 R.W.S. in 1870, and contributed 

 many water-colours to the society's 

 exhibitions ; but he is best re- 

 membered by his black and white 

 work in Once a Week, Good Words, 



6166 



and other jour- 

 nals associated 

 with the revival 

 of English illus- 

 tration in the 

 'sixties. He 

 died at South 

 Hampstead, 

 Sept. 8, 1875. 



George Pinwell, See Pied 



British painter Piper. 



Pinzton. Market town of 

 Derbyshire, England. It is 6 m. 

 from Mansfield, and is served by 

 theG.N., Mid., and G.C. Rlys. Lace 

 is made here, and there are large 

 coal mines in the neighbourhood. 

 It has a very old church. Market 

 day, Fri. Pop. 5,000. 



Pinzon, VICENTE YANEZ (c. 

 1460-c. 1524). Spanish navigator. 

 Born at Palos, he became a skilful 

 mariner and commanded the Nina 

 on Columbus's first voyage to 

 America. In 1497 he reached the 

 American mainland, and in 1499 

 discovered the coast of Brazil and 

 the mouth of the Amazon. In 1505 

 he was made governor of Porto 

 Rico. He went to sea agahxin 1508, 

 however, and returned to Spain 

 the following year with gold. 



Piombi (Ital., leads). Name 

 given to a state prison in Venice. 

 It is so called from being situated 

 beneath the lead roof of the Doge's 

 Palace, and the attic cells were 

 used mostly for state prisoners. 

 Of the inmates, G. J. Casanova and 

 Silvio Pellico (q.v. ) are the best 

 known. See Venice. 



Piombino. Former indepen- 

 dent principality of N.W. Italy, 

 now included in the prov. of Pisa. 

 Its area is 138 sq. m. Originally an 

 imperial fief, it belonged from 1 399 

 to 1603 to the Appiani family. It 

 was taken by the French in 1801, 

 and was given by Napoleon to his 

 sister, the wife of Prince Bacciocchi. 

 In 1815 it passed to Tuscany and 

 thus to Italy. The most interesting 

 town in the old prov. is Populonia, 

 the Etruscan Pupluna. Situated 

 on a hill, the town is dominated 

 by a medieval castle. It was an 

 important port in Roman times 

 when the iron from Elba was 

 smelted there. Pron. Peom-beeno. 



Piombino. Town and eeaport 

 of Italy, in the prov. of Pisa. 

 Situated on a promontory opposite 

 the island of Elba, 8 m. by rly. 

 S.W. of Campiglia Marittima, 

 it is the port of embarkation 

 for Elba. It has iron-rolling mills. 

 Pop. 8,000. 



Pioneer (Fr. pionnier. foot sol 

 dier, sapper). Word used for sol- 

 diers who prepared the way for the 

 march of an army. They did this 

 by clearing and making roads, and 

 their duties included also the pre- 

 paring of entrenchments and 



PIOZZI 



bivouacs. From this use it came 

 to mean one who was first in any 

 work of discovery, whether actually, 

 as in unexplored forests, or figura- 

 tively, as a scientist. 



In the British army a pioneer 

 battalion is a body of troops who 

 prepare positions, lines of com- 

 munication, and defensive works 

 for the use of combatant units, 

 and thus relieve the latter of the 

 fatigue and time involved in such 

 work. Pioneer battalions were 

 part of the establishment of most 

 Continental armies, but it was not 

 until the Great War that they 

 became indispensable to the British 

 Service. They were mainly re- 

 cruited from the navvy class. 



Pioneer, THE. Anglo-Indian 

 daily newspaper published at Alla- 

 habad. It was established in 1865, 

 and devoted particularly to the 

 interests of the civil and military 

 services. The Pioneer Mail and 

 Indian Weekly News, issued from 

 the same office and founded in 

 1 874, is a digest of Indian news for 

 dispatch by the European mail. 



Piotrkow. Dist. of Poland. 

 Bounded S. by Galicia, N. by 

 Warsaw, W. by Kalis/,, and E. by 

 Radom and Kielce. its area is 

 4,730 sq. m., more than half forest. 

 It is the great industrial district of 

 Poland, having important beds of 

 coal and iron. Lodz, the great tex- 

 tile centre, is the largest town. 

 Pop. 2,000,000. Pron. Pyotr-kof. 

 Piotrkow. Town of Poland, 

 capital of the dist. of the same 

 name. It stands on the river 

 Strada and the Warsaw-Vienna 

 rly., 25 m. S.E. of Lodz, and 80 

 m. S.W. of Warsaw. There are 

 tanneries, foundries, and textile 

 factories. In the 15th century the 

 kings of Poland were elected here. 

 Pop. 45,000. 



Piou-piou. Familiar name for 

 the French soldier of the line. It 

 is more or less equivalent to the 

 British Tommy. 



Piozzi, HESTER LYNCH (1741- 

 1821). British authoress, friend of 

 Dr. Johnson. She was born at 

 Bodvel, C a r- 

 narvonshire, 

 Jan. 16, 1741, 

 and her father, 

 John S a 1 u s- 

 bury, taking 

 up an appoint- 

 ment at Nova 

 Scotia, she was 

 brought up by 

 nis brother, 

 Sir Th mas 

 Salusbury, at 

 Offley Hall, 

 Hertfordshire, where she became 

 acquainted with Henry Thrale, son 

 of a rich brewer, to whom she was 

 married in 1763. They made their 



