home at Streatham Park, near Lon- 

 don, where the long friendship with 

 Dr. Johnson began. Mrs. Thrale' s 

 energy and business capacity were 

 of immense assistance to her hus- 

 band when he became financially 

 embarrassed in 1772. Their liabili- 

 ties amounted to 130,000, but 

 were fully discharged by 1781, 

 when Thrale died of apoplexy, his 

 widow afterwards selling the brew- 

 ery to the Barclays. 



A friendship, formed in" 1780, 

 with Gabriel Piozzi, an Italian 

 musician, ripened into passionate 

 attachment, and after much alter- 

 cation with her children, Mrs. 

 Thrale was married to him in July, 

 1784. The Piozzis lived first at 

 Streatham Park, and after 1795 in 

 Wales, where Piozzi died in 1809. 

 She herself died, May 2, 1821. 

 Mrs. Piozzi was a woman of great 

 ability and charm, and widely, 

 though not deeply, read. Her 

 purely original work is of no ac- 

 count, but her Anecdotes of Dr. 

 Johnson, and a collection of letters 

 that passed between them, throw 

 interesting sidelights on the age. 

 See Johnson ; Thrale, H. 



Bibliography. Autobiography, 

 Letters, and Literary Remains, 

 1861 ; Piozziana, or Recollections 

 of P., by a Friend, E. Mangin, 1833 ; 

 Mrs. Thrale, Sketches of Her Life, 

 L. B. Seeley, 1891 ; Dr. Johnson 

 and Mrs. Thrale, in- 

 cluding Mrs. T.'s 

 Journal of the Welsh 

 Tour, 1774, A. M. 

 Broadley, 1910. 



Pipe. Tubular 

 channel for the con- 

 veyance of gases, 

 liquids, and, under 

 some conditions, 

 solids. Metal pipes 

 are widely used in 

 structural work instead of solid 

 bars, and their lightness and 

 strength render them valuable for 

 many purposes. 



Earthenware, concrete, cast-iron, 

 and cast-steel pipes are made in 

 moulds ; and the first are hardened 

 by being fired in kilns. Glass tubes 

 are drawn out of cylinders. Lead 

 and composition tubes are ex- 

 truded through a die by pressure. 

 Seamless pipes of wrought iron, 

 copper, brass, and various alloys 

 are drawn through dies of gradually 

 decreasing external diameter. 



In the Mannesmann process of 

 steel pipe-drawing, a solid bar is 

 heated and passed between conical 

 rollers crossing one another at a 

 small angle. Pipes of these metals, 

 especially those of large diameter 

 are formed also by bending strips 

 into tubular form, and welding the 

 edges. Welded pipes are not so 

 strong as seamless, and riveted 

 pipes have considerably less 



strength than welded. Rubber 

 tubes are either extruded through 

 a die, or formed like a welded 

 metal tube round a mandrel. 

 Flexible metal tubing for carrying 

 water or steam under high pres- 

 sure is made by winding a strip of 

 metal helically on a bar, while turn- 

 ing the edges over so that every 

 coil interlocks with the next. 



Pipes are jointed together end 

 to end in many ways. The socket- 

 and-spigot joint, made secure by 

 caulking with cement or lead, is 

 perhaps the -most common for 

 drain pipes and water mains. 

 Pipes subjected to very high 

 pressures usually have flanged ends, 

 drawn together against a packing 

 by bolts. See Aqueduct. 



Pipe. In music, a general name 

 for wind instruments, more parti- 

 cularly those of the whistle or flute 

 family, and thence by analogy the 

 sound of the song of birds. It is 

 also the medium by which sound 

 is produced in the organ. Here 

 the pipes vary in (a) length, gov- 

 erning the pitch : 

 (6) scale, or pro- 

 portion of diam- 

 eter to length ; 

 and (c) material 

 and shape, affect- 

 ing the quality, 

 though 'here the 



question of " voicing " comes in. 

 They may be open, or stopped, 

 and made of wood or metal (tin, 

 " spotted metal," zinc, etc.). A 

 set of pipes having the same 

 quality and ranging through the 

 whole compass is known as " a 

 stop." Stops are composed either 

 of flue pipes or of reeds. In the 

 former case the wind conveyed 

 from the bellows impinges upon 

 the lip of the pipe, thereby setting 

 in vibration the column of air 

 therein ; in the latter case the sound 

 is produced by a tongue of metal, 

 the pipe being of comparatively 

 minor importance. See Greek Art. 



Pipe, TOBACCO. Utensil for in- 

 haling tobacco smoke, usually a 

 tube of clay or wood, with a bowl 

 to hold the tobacco. Pipes were 

 introduced into England in 1586 by 

 Ralph Lane, governor of Virginia. 



Pipe-making became an organized 

 craft in London in 1619. Clay was 

 the first material used, and still fur- 

 nishes the commonest and cheapest 

 pipes. Roughly shaped, it is drawn 



Pipes for tobacco smoking. 1. Examples from the Upper Nile. 2. Ainu pipe 

 and holder, Yedo. 3. Bamboo pipe, Torres Strait. 4. Bowls and broken stems 

 of Elizabethan and Carolean clay pipes. 5. Wooden pipe said to have been 

 given to Sir W. Raleigh by Indians ; top of bowl indicated by x ; mouthpiece 

 extends to left. 6. Stone and clay pipes made by American Indians. 



1, 2. <t 3 by courtesy of British Museum ; 6. by courtesy of American Museum Journal 



