PIPE 



over a steel rod and put in the 

 bottom half of a mould, which, 

 with the top piece, is placed in a 

 press ; a lever, with a cone-shaped 

 projection to form the bowl, is 

 pulled down ; the top of the bowl is 

 cut clean by a knife drawn through 

 an opening. Placed on a support 

 at each end, the pipe is curved by 

 its own weight ; it is then baked, 

 polished, and the end tipped with 

 molten sealing wax to form a 

 mouthpiece. This is the long 

 variety known as the churchwar- 

 den, but the short clay pipes known 

 as cutties or, in Ireland, dhudeens, 

 are made on the same method. 



Wooden pipes are now in almost 

 universal use, the wood chiefly 

 employed being that of the tree 

 heath, Erica arborea, the French 

 brut/ere, whence the popular name 

 briar root pipe. The tree is grown 

 chiefly in S. France, Italy, and 

 Asia Minor, and the pipes are 

 largely manufactured in Nurem- 

 berg and E. France. The desired 

 colour is obtained by boiling the 

 blocks, skilfully cut from the roots 

 so as to avoid waste, in a vat for 

 twelve hours. 



The oldest pipes known are 

 those found in the so-called pipe 

 mounds of the Mississippi valley. 

 Apart from their archaeological 

 and ethnographic value, they are 

 interesting owing to their want 

 of stems. They were formed of 

 one piece of stone, 3 to 4 ins. long 

 and about 1 in. broad, with the 

 bowl in the centre and the tube 

 leading to it pierced from one end. 

 The bowl was often elaborately 

 carved. Notable American pipes 

 are the calumet (q.v.), tomahawk 

 pipe, and the whalebone pipes of 

 the Stikine Indians. 



In the 18th century fine porce- 

 lain pipes were made at Chelsea, 

 Sevres, Dresden, Vienna, and else- 

 where, and heavy, pendent porce- 

 lain pipes, often with metal covers, 

 are still popular among Teutonic 

 smokers. Other materials used in 

 pipe manufacture are meerschaum 

 (q.v.), ivory, glass, horn, metals, 

 cane, and bamboo. Characteristic 



Eipes are the Turkish chibouque, 

 adian nargileh, and Persian 

 hookah (q.v.). Of pipes smoked by 

 half -civilized peoples, mention may 

 be made of the three- bowled pipe 

 of the Kirghiz, bamboo cylinder of 

 New Guinea, the small metal- 

 bowled pipe of the Eskimo, the 

 antelope's horn with upright 

 wooden stem of E. Africa, and the 

 walrus tooth pipe of the Laplander. 

 Pipe. Measure of liquid capa- 

 city. It varies according to the 

 locality, and the liquid that is 

 measured. The ordinary pipe is 

 two hogsheads, equivalent to 108 

 imperial gallons, or 126 wine 



6 1 68 



gallons. Two pipes form a tun. A 

 pipe of Madeira contains92 gallons; 

 of sherry 108 ; and port wine 1 15. 

 See Weights and Measures. 



Pipe and Tabor. Two instru- 

 ments formerly much used to 

 accompany morris-dancing, and 

 known popu- 

 larly as whittle 

 and" dub. The 

 pipe was a kind 

 of small re- 

 c order (q.v.), 

 but with only 

 three holes, 

 two at the 

 front for the 

 first and second 

 fingers, and 

 one at the back 

 for the thumb. 



The player 

 he)d ifc in h ; 3 

 , ,, , , , 

 left hand, from 



the w r i s t of 

 609 which hung the 



tabor, a small shallow drum a foot 

 or so across, which was beaten with 

 a stick in his right hand. See 

 Morris Dance. 



Pipe Clay. Variety of natural 

 clay. It is used for whitening 

 military accoutrements, etc., and 

 for making certain kinds of pottery, 

 especially pipes. 



Pipe-fish. Popular name for 

 a group of long, slender fishes 

 constituting; several genera of the 



Pipe and Tabor, 

 as represented in 

 an illustration to 

 Kemp's Nine 

 Daies Wonder. 



Pipe-fish. 



The long slender fish that lives among 

 seaweed in shallow waters 



W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S. 



family Syngnathidae. The skeleton 

 is incompletely ossified, and the 

 angular, ridged exterior is covered 

 with large, bony plates. There are 

 no ventral or anal fins, and the long 

 dorsal fin is without rays. The 

 jaws are united to form a long tube 

 with the small mouth at its 

 extremity. The gills take the form 

 of paired tufts upon the bronchial 

 arches, and the gill-cover is a large, 

 fixed, bony plate with only a 

 small aperture to admit water to 

 the gills. In most cases the males 

 are provided with marsupial 

 pouches in which they carry the 

 eggs until they are hatched. They 

 make their home among seaweeds 

 in shallow water. 



Five species are found on the 

 British coasts. Of these the 



PIPE LINE 



straight-nosed pipe-fish (Nerophis 

 aequoreus) may be 2 ft. in length ; 

 the greater pipe-fish (Syngnathus 

 acits) and the broad-nosed pipe-fish 

 (Siphonostoma typhle) each 15 ins. ; 

 whilst the smooth and cylindrical 

 worm pipe-fish (Nerophislumbrici- 

 formis) is only five or six ins. In 

 the last-named the eggs are em- 

 bedded in the skin of the male. 



Pipe Line. Stretch or line of 

 piping for the conveyance of fluids. 

 Although steam, gas, air, and water 

 mains may be said to constitute 

 pipe lines, the term is more par- 

 ticularly applied to long stretches 

 of piping, in which oil or water is 

 conveyed from a source of supply 

 to a storage reservoir. The pipes 

 may be laid above or below ground, 

 according to local circumstances, 

 e.g. where they are subject to the 

 effects of frost, they are either laid 

 below ground, or covered with non- 

 conducting material. 



An oil pipe line is for the con- 

 veyance of oil, e.g. of petroleum 

 pumped from oil wells to a reser- 

 voir, or from a tank steamer to an 

 inland storage tank. In cold 

 weather crude oil is often heated 

 to lower its viscosity and facilitate 

 its flow through the steel piping 

 generally employed. 



A water pipe line is a modern 

 substitute for an aqueduct proper 

 for the conveyance of water from 

 a source of supply to a distribution 

 centre. In some 

 cases sections of 

 pipe line are laid 

 between sections of 

 aqueduct, and may 

 act as syphons. 

 The following is a 

 description of a 

 pipe line 230 m. 

 long in which water 

 is conveyed from 

 springs at Siloli in 

 the Andes to the 

 waterless district 

 of Antofagasta, 

 on the Chilean coast. At a height of 

 14,000 ft. a natural supply of water 

 is impounded by dams, and from the 

 reservoirs so formed is conveyed in 

 pipes for the whole distance, an 

 average of 3,000 tons and a maxi- 

 mum of 8,000 tons of water a day 

 being delivered at Antofagasta from 

 a single pipe. As such a great head 

 of water would result in a pressure 

 of several tons per sq. in. in the 

 pipes, the line is divided into sec- 

 tions by means of break-pressure of 

 relief tanks or reservoirs into which 

 the water is freely discharged from 

 the pipe at the lower end of each 

 section. These tanks provide new 

 heads of water and correspondingly 

 reduced pressures in the sections 

 below them. The average hydraulic 

 gradient of this pipe line is 1*85 p.c., 



