PITTSFIELD 



who built another fort which they 

 named in honour of William Pitt, 

 then prime minister of England. 

 Pittsburg was incorporated as a 

 borough in 1794 and reincorporated 

 in 1804, and in 1816 it was char- 

 tered as a city. In 1845 it suffered 

 from a disastrous fire. Pop. 

 588,000. See History of Pittsburg, 

 its Rise and Progress, S. H. Kili- 

 kelly, 1906 ; Standard History of 

 Pittsburg, 1908. 



Pittsfield. City of Massachu- 

 setts, U.S.A., the co. seat of Berk- 

 shire co. It stands on the Housa- 

 tonic river in the mountain-girt 

 Berkshire valley, 41 m. N.W. of 

 Springfield, and is served by the 

 New York, New Haven and Hart- 

 ford, and the Boston and Albany 

 rlys. It has silk, woollen, and paper 

 mills, foundries and machine shops, 

 and manufactures of cotton, thread, 

 paper, and pianos. Settled in 1743 

 and resettled in 1749, Pittsfield 

 was incorporated in 1761 and be- 

 came a city in 1891. Pop. 41,800. 



Pittston. City of Pennsylvania, 

 U.S.A., in Luzerne co. It stands on 

 the Susquehanna river, 10 m. S.W. 

 of Scranton, and is served by the 

 Lehigh Valley and other rlys. It is 

 a centre of the anthracite coal- 

 mining industry, and manufactures 

 foundry and machine-shop pro- 

 ducts, stoves, paper, silk and 

 knitted goods, and bricks. Founded 

 in 1768 and named in honour of 

 William Pitt, Pittston was incor- 

 porated in 1855 and became a city 

 in 1894. Pop. 18,500. 



Pituitary Body (Lat. pituita, 

 phlegm). Small lobed gland which 

 lies at the base of the brain. It 

 secretes a substance, the precise 

 nature of which is not known, but 

 which exercises important func- 

 tions and is essential for life. Ex- 

 periments with animals have 

 shown that removal of the pituit- 

 ary body is fatal in a few days. 

 Excessive activity of the gland 

 causes over-growth of the bones. 

 Diminished activity leads to exces- 

 sive formation of fat throughout 

 the body. 



Pit- Village. Prehistoric settle- 

 ment, mostly of the neolithic and 

 the early metallic age. The tran- 

 sition from the palaeolithic cave- 

 dwelling (q.v. ) to the neolithic pit- 

 dwelling is traceable at Campigny, 

 France, in S. Russia, and in Hol- 

 derness, Yorkshire, where excava- 

 tions in the boulder-clay were 

 sometimes 40 ft. long. Other sites 

 reveal pits for storage and other 

 domestic purposes beneath the 

 flooring of wattled huts, long since 

 perished. Similar structures are 

 found among the Eskimo and on 

 ancient settlements in New Zea- 

 land, and in Hokkaido, Japan. See 

 Hut Circle; Underground Dwellings. 



6 1 so 



Pityriasis (Gr., scurf, from 

 pityron, bran). Name given to 

 several affections of the skin. P. 

 capitis, dandruff or scurf, is a 

 chronic parasitic affection of the 

 scalp characterised by the forma- 

 tion of easily detached scales or 

 scurf, leading to atrophy of the 

 hair. The condition may begin as 

 early as the sixth year. In some 

 persons there may be formation of 

 dry scales for years ; in others 

 greasy scales are formed with 

 earlier shedding of the hair. P. 

 circinata is associated with P. 

 capitis. Pink spots tend to appear 

 in the middle of the trunk and on 

 the back. These enlarge and clear 

 up in the centre, forming rings, 

 the margins of which become 

 covered with greasy scales. 



The treatment of P. capitis 

 demands shampooing at regular 

 intervals of two or three weeks, 

 For the shampoo a lotion consisting 

 of soft soap and spirit in equal 

 parts with ten grains of thymol to 

 the ounce may be used. For P. 

 circinata an ointment containing 

 sulphur has been found most use- 

 ful. P. rosea is an eruption of rose- 

 coloured spots on the trunk and 

 upper parts of the limbs, the 

 cause of which is unknown. It is 

 more common in the young than 

 in the elderly, and in females than 

 in males. After lasting from 

 four to six weeks, the spots fade 

 and the skin gradually resumes its 

 normal appearance. P. rubra is an 

 eruption of red, scaly patches, 

 which tends to begin in the flexures 

 of the body, and gradually spreads 

 until the whole surface is more or 

 less involved. It is a very chronic 

 disorder, and the patient often 

 dies from tuberculosis. 



Piura. Northernmost maritime 

 dept. of Peru. Partly a rainless 

 desert, it yields petroleum, salt, 

 sulphur, and soda. Its area is 

 16,825 sq. m. Pop. 213,900. Piura, 

 the capital, stands on the Piura 

 river, 20 m. from the coast, and 

 40 m. by rly. E. of Paita. The first 

 permanent settlement founded by 

 Pizarro, it is an important cotton 

 mart, and exports petroleum and 

 cotton. Pop. 14,000. 



Pius. Name of eleven popes, 

 of whom the more important are 

 noticed separately. Pius I, the 

 9th pope according to the earliest 

 lists, whose pontificate was from 

 about 140 to 154, is venerated as a 

 saint and martyr, his festival being 

 kept on July 11. Pius III, pope 

 for a few weeks in 1503, was a 

 Piccolomini, and nephew of Pius 

 II. Pius VIII, pope 1829-30, was 

 the candidate of the French and 

 Austrian monarchies. He recog- 

 nized the revolution which made 

 Louis Philippe king of France. 



Pius II, 

 Pope. 1458-64 



PIUS v 



Pius II (1405-64). Pope from 

 1458-64. Aeneas Sylvius Picco- 

 lomini was born at Corsignano, 

 Oct. 18, 1405, 

 of a noble but 

 impoverished 

 Sienese family. 

 He studied at 

 the university 

 of Siena, and 

 as private sec- 

 retary to the 

 bishop of Fer- 

 mo, attended 

 the council of 

 Basel in 1432, where he joined 

 the faction opposed to Pope Eu- 

 genius IV. Later, he entered the 

 service of cardinal Albergati, who 

 took him on various journeys and 

 in 1436 sent him on a mission to 

 Scotland. 



Returning to Basel he took an 

 official part in the election of the 

 anti-pope Felix V, 1439, and be- 

 came his secretary. He leftBasel, 

 and at Vienna entered the service 

 of the emperor, Frederick III, and 

 having deserted the anti-pope, 

 was in 1445 formally reconciled to 

 Eugenius IV. In 1446 he was 

 ordained, in 1447 was made bishop 

 of Trieste, in 1450 bishop of Siena, 

 and, created cardinal in December, 

 1456, was elected pope in succes- 

 sion to Calixtus III. To unite 

 Europe against the Turkish men- 

 ace, he summoned a meeting at 

 Mantua, where he issued his bull 

 (Execrabilis), Jan., 1460, in which 

 appeals from the pope to a general 

 council were condemned. 



The last act of the pope's life was 

 an attempt to lead in person a 

 crusade against Islam. A man of 

 letters and humanist learning, 

 Pius II died at Ancona, Aug. 14, 

 1464. See Piccolomini; consult 

 also Pius II, C. M. Ady, 1913. 



Pius IV (1499-1565). Pope 

 from 1559-65. Born at Milan of a 

 branch of the Medici family, Gio- 

 vanni Angelo 

 studied at 

 Pavia and 

 Bologna, and 

 in his 28th year 

 gave up law to 

 take orders. He 

 was employed 

 in various 

 offices under 

 Clement VII, 

 Paul III, and 

 Julius III, and 

 was made cardinal by Paul III. 

 In 1559 he was elected pope. On 

 his summons the council of Trent 

 re-assembled for the third time, 

 Jan., 1562, and sat until Dec., 1562. 

 He died on Dec. 9, 1565. 



Pius V (1504-72). Pope from 

 1566-72. Born in Lombardy, Jan. 

 17, 1504, his name was Michele 



Pius IV, 

 Pope, 1559-65 



