Pope, 1566-72 



Ghisleri. En- 

 tering the Do- 

 minican Order, 

 he was o r- 

 d a i n e d, was 

 made bishop 

 of Sutri, 1556, 

 inquisitor 

 general and 

 cardinal, 1557, 

 and elected 

 pope, 1566. He 

 excommunicated Elizabeth and en- 

 couraged Mary Queen of Scots. He 

 was no less active in strengthening 

 the work of the Inquisition, and 

 in his opposition to the Turks. 

 He was canonised in 1712, his 

 festival being kept on May 11. 

 See Lepanto ; consult also Life and 

 Pontificate, J. Mendham, 1832. 



Pius VI (1717-99). Pope from 

 1775-99. Born at Cesena, Dec. 27, 

 1717, his name was Giovanni 

 Angelico Braschi. From 1755 until 

 his election as pope he held various 

 official positions at Rome. His 

 reign was a continuous struggle 

 first with the Catholic rulers of 

 Austria, Spain, and Naples, and 

 later with Napoleon. At the French 

 Revolution Pius VI refused to ac- 

 knowledge the civil constitution 

 of the clergy, 

 1791, and 

 France an- 

 nexed the 

 papal territory 

 at Avignon. 

 After sur 

 rendering large 

 I portions of the 

 ~- . ,^\ . . papa! states 



i^Fl^'SIS; 



Alter G Eichler 'i j i 



declined to 



acknowledge the Roman repub- 

 lic, set up in 1798. Carried an exile 

 to France, he died at Valence. 

 Aug. 29, 1799. 



Pius VH (1740-1823). Pope 

 from 1800-23. The son of Count 

 Scipione Chiararnonti, he was born 

 at Cesena, Aug. 

 14, 1740, and 

 after some years 

 as a Benedictine 

 monk was 

 made bishop 

 of Imola, and 

 cardinal 1785. 

 He was elected 

 pope in 1800 

 after a three 

 months' con-', 

 clav e. The great 

 event of his reign was the concordat 

 with Napoleon I, 1801. Pius was 

 subsequently made prisoner by 

 Napoleon, and was a captive 1809- 

 14. By the aid of Consalvi at the 

 Congress of Vienna he obtained the 

 restoration of the papal states. He 

 also re-established the Jesuit Order, 



Pius VII, 

 Pope, 1800-23 

 After Lawrence 



Pius IX, 

 Pope, 1846-78 



1814. He died Aug 20, 1823. See 

 Concordat ; Consalvi ; consult also 

 Life, M. H. Allies, 1897. 



Pius IX (1792-1878). Pope 

 from 1846-78. Born at Sinigaglia, 

 May 13, 1792, his name was 

 Giovanni Mas- 

 tai-F e r r e 1 1 i. 

 Ordained bi 

 1819, he was 

 made arch- 

 bishop of Spo- 

 leto, 1827, and 

 created cardi- 

 nal, 1840. He 

 was elected 

 pope on the 

 death of Gre- 

 gory XVI by 

 the faction which favoured liberal 

 reforms, the Austrian veto on his 

 election arriving too late. His 

 first act was a general amnesty 

 to all political prisoners. This was 

 followed by a constitution for the 

 papal states, but on his declaration 

 against war with Austria a series 

 of riots in Rome ended in the 

 pope's retirement, 1848, and the 

 establishment of a republic. Re 

 stored by French troops, 1850, Pius 

 IX saw the annexation of the 

 papal states and of Rome to the 

 Kingdom of Italy in 1870 ; in 

 1870, too, he convoked the Vatican 

 Council which declared the pope 

 speaking ex cathedra to be infallible 

 hi faith and morals. He died 

 Feb. 7, 1878. See Lives, A. O. 

 Legge, 1875 ; T. A. Trollope, 1877 ; 

 Rome : Its Rulers and Institutions, 

 J. F. Maguire, 1878. 



Pius X (1835-1914). Pope from 

 1903-14. Born at Riese, in Venice, 

 the son of a postman, his name 

 was Giuseppe 

 Melchiorre 

 Sarto. Edu- 

 cated in the 

 seminary of 

 Padua, he was 

 ordained, 1858 

 He was made 

 canon of Tre- 

 v i s o, 1875, 

 bishop of Man- 

 tua, 1884, and 

 cardinal arch- 

 bishop of Venice, 1893. On the 

 death of Leo XIII he was elected 

 pope by 55 votes out of 60. The 

 pontificate of Pius X was distin- 

 guished for the attention given to 

 increasing the discipline of the 

 church and suppressing modern 

 ism. In his encyclicals of 1907 

 and 1910 the whole system of 

 modernism was condemned. He 

 died Aug. 20, 1914. See Life, 

 F. A. Forbes, 1918. 



Pius XI (b. 1857). Pope. He 

 was born May 31, 1857, at Desio, 

 in the prov. of Milan, his name 

 being Achilles Ratti. Ordained in 



Pius X, 

 Pope, 1903-14 



\ 



Pius XI, 

 Elected Pope, 1922 



PIZARRO 



1879, he was for many years pre- 

 fect of the Ambrosian library at 

 Mil at. He visited England in 1900 

 and engaged hi research work at the 

 Bodleian Library, Oxford. Ten 

 years later he was transferred to the 

 Vatican library, becoming prefect. 

 After being Apostolic nuncio hi 

 Poland, he received cardinal's 

 rank in 1921, and was appointed 

 archbishop of 

 Milan. On the 

 death of Bene- 

 dict XV he was 

 elected pope, 

 and took the 

 name of Pius 

 XI, Feb. 6, 

 1922. He was 

 credited with 

 an earnest de- 

 sire to bring 



about World Manuel 



pacification. 



Pi y Margall, FRANCISCO (1824- 

 1901). Spanish writer and states- 

 man. He was born at Barcelona, 

 April 29, 1824. One of the foremost 

 of modern critics, and a confirmed 

 republican in politics, he was 

 elected president of the democratic 

 federal republic of 1873. Among 

 his numerous works is a monu- 

 mental General History of Amer- 

 ica. He died at Madrid, Novem- 

 ber 29, 1901. 



Pizarro, FRANCISCO, DON (c. 

 1475-1541). Conqueror of Peru. 

 The natural son of Colonel Gonzalo 

 Pizarro, he was born at Trujillo, 

 Spain, and entered the .Spanish 

 military service early, fought under 

 Gonsalvo de Cordova in Italy, and 

 then sought fresh fields for his 

 energies in the newly discovered 

 lands in the Far West. 



Fired with ambition by the 

 conquest of Mexico (see Cortes), 

 1520, Pizarro conceived the idea of 

 conquering Peru, the unexplored 

 empire of the Incas, and in 1526 

 went with a fellow adventurer, 

 Almagro, on a first voyage of 

 investigation. They received little 

 countenance from the governor of 

 Panama, but Pizarro learnt that 

 the rumours which had reached 

 Spain were true, and that there 

 actually existed a highly organized 

 empire, immensely rich, and enjoy- 

 ing an advanced civilization. The 

 next step was to obtain authority 

 for the conquest from Charles V. 

 This accomplished, Pizarro sailed 

 from Panama on Dec. 28, 1531, 

 with 183 men, armed,.-, with 

 muskets. *, 



Pizarro landed hi May, 1532, at 

 Tumbez. The crown of the Incas 

 had been seized by Atahualpa, who 

 had deposed the legitimate ruler, 

 Huascar. In Nov. Pizarro reached 

 the town of Cajamarca, which he 

 found empty, while he learnt that 



