Sir Horace Plunkett, 

 Irish statesman 



PLUNKETT 



prominent part in resisting dis- 

 establishment and afterwards in 

 directing the Church on its altered 

 career. He succeeded to the title in 

 1871 and died April 1, 1897, when 

 his son, William Lee Plunket, 

 became the 5th baron. From 1904- 

 10 he was governor of New Zea- 

 land. See Memoir, F. D. How, 1900. 

 Plunkett, SIR HORACE CURZON 

 (b. 1854). Irish statesman. Third 

 son of the 16th Baron Dunsany, he 

 was educated 

 at Eton and 

 University 

 College, Ox- 

 ford, and spent 

 ten years 

 ranching in 

 the U.S.A. A 

 strong sup- 

 porter of co- 

 operative 

 methods in 

 agriculture, he 

 founded the Irish Agricultural Or- 

 ganization Society, 1894, in con- 

 nexion with which he became 

 widely known in Ireland. He sat 

 as Unionist member for Dublin 

 co. S., 1892-1900, and acted as 

 chairman of the Irish Convention, 

 1917-18. Among his writings on 

 political and economic subjects are 

 Ireland in the New Century, 1904 ; 

 A Better Way, 1914 ; Home Rule 

 and Conscription, 1918. See Sir 

 H. Plunkett, E. E. Lysaght, 1916. 

 Pluralism. Practice of holding 

 more than one ecclesiastical bene- 

 fice at the same time. The abuse of 

 pluralities arose very early in the 

 history of the Church, for it was 

 forbidden by the Council of 

 Chalcedon, 451, and again by 

 the second council of Nicaea, 787. 

 It was forbidden in England by 

 Act of Parliament in 1529, but 

 during the Georgian period it 

 revived to a scandalous extent. 



Acts of 1838 and 1885 made 

 pluralities illegal, except in respect 

 of very small livings with few 

 parishioners, in which case the 

 archbishop can grant a dispen- 

 sation, if he thinks fit, for a clergy- 

 man to hold two livings, pro- 

 viding that the churches are 

 within four miles of each other, and 

 that the annual value of one of the 

 livings does not exceed 200. See 

 Benefice ; Ecclesiastical Law. 



Plural Voting. Name given to 

 an electoral system that allows a 

 man to have more than one vote at 

 the same election. In the United 

 Kingdom before 1919 there was a 

 certain amount of plural voting at 

 parliamentary elections, as a man 

 could qualify as a landowner, al- 

 though not as a resident, in several 

 constituencies. By the Representa- 

 tion of the People Act of 1918 it 

 was practically abolished. A voter 



6200 



Pluto. Statue of Pluto and Perse- 

 phone by Bernini 



Borghese Museum, Rome 



in the United Kingdom can now 

 under certain conditions have two 

 votes, but no more. See Vote. 



Plush (Fr. peluche, from Lat. 

 pilus, hair). Fabric with a pile 

 longer and more open than velvet. 

 It is used for cloaks and uphols- 

 tery. Plushes have a pile normally 

 of silken mohair. Hatter's plush, 

 used to make men's silk hats, is 

 a special variety. 



Plutarch (c. A.D. 48-122). 

 Greek biographer and philosopher. 

 He was born at Chaeronea, in 

 Boeotia, and he 

 appears to have 

 spent a con- 

 siderable time 

 in Rome, but 

 his declining 

 years were 

 passed in his 

 native town. 

 Plutarch's 

 fame rests al- 

 most entirely 

 on his Parallel Lives, a collection 

 of biographies of notable men 

 (with the exception of four) in 

 pairs, one Greek, the other 

 Roman. The resemblance between 

 the pairs is often slight. They 

 are of great historical interest, 

 much of the matter being based on 

 authorities now lost. Shakespeare 

 drew upon Plutarch through 

 North's translation for his classical 

 plots. Plutarch was also the author 

 of numerous essays on a wide 

 variety of subjects, grouped under 

 the general title Moralia. 



Bibliography. Translations of the 

 Lives by Sir T. North, 1579 ; J. W. 

 Langhorne, 1770, often reprinted; 

 B. Pen-in, 1914; Roman lives, G. 

 Long, 1844-47; A Popular Intro- 

 duction to Plutarch, R. C. Trench, 

 1873; The Religion of Plutarch as 

 Expounded in his Ethics, J. Oake- 

 smith, 1902 ; Silver Age of the Greek 

 World, J. P. Mahaffy, 1911. 



Plutarch, 

 Greek biographer 



PLYMOUTH 



Pluto (Gr. Plouton). Roman 

 name for the god of the lower 

 regions, more commonly known 

 to the Greeks as Hades. He is 

 regarded as (1) the stern and 

 relentless ruler of the horrible 

 underworld ; (2) as a beneficent 

 chthonian deity, who distributes 

 to mankind the products of the 

 earth, both mineral and grain. His 

 wife was Persephone, whom he 

 carried off while she was gathering 

 flowers at Enna in Sicily. He 

 is not to be confused with Plutus, 

 the god of wealth, although etymo- 

 logically they are identical. See 

 Hades ; Persephone ; Tartarus. 



Pluto Monkey (Cercopithftus 

 leucampyx). Species of guenon 

 monkey, better known as the black- 

 bellied monkey. It occurs in 

 Central Africa, and the general 

 colour of its hair is black, grizzled 

 on the head and back. It is con- 

 spicuous by its bushy whiskers. 



Pluto Monkey. Central African 



monkey, conspicuous for its bushy 



whiskers 



Plutonic Rocks. In geology, 

 name given to those igneous rocks 

 which have consolidated at con- 

 siderable depths below the surface 

 of the earth, and have been brought 

 to the surface by various agencies. 

 They are distinguished from the 

 volcanic rocks which have formed 

 near the surface. Granites are a 

 typical example of plutonic rocks. 

 See Igneous Rocks. 



Pluviose. The fifth month in the 

 year as rearranged during the 

 French Revolution. It began on 

 the 20th or 21st of Jan., and 

 lasted 30 days. The word means 

 the month of rain. 



Plymouth. Co. and parl. bor. 

 of Devonshire, England. Since 

 1914 it has included Devonport 

 and East Stonehouse. It has a 

 fine situation at the mouth of 

 the river Plym at the head of 



