PNEUMONOKONIOSIS 



POBIEDONOSTZEV 



102 to 104 F., the cough is dis- 

 tressing, breathing difficult, and 

 the lips and fingers may be bluish. 

 The pulse may be 150 to 200. In 

 bad cases the child becomes rest- 

 less, the breathing shallow, the 

 cough ceases, and death from col- 

 lapse occurs. In other cases the 

 symptoms gradually ameliorate, 

 and recovery occurs. Treatment 

 consists in careful nursing, with 

 attention to the diet and bowels. 

 Cold sponging, or the application 

 of cold compresses, may be adopted 

 when the temperature is high. 



Pneumonokoniosis (Gr. pneu- 

 mon, lung ; koniein, to make 

 dusty). Disease of the lung due to 

 inhalation of coal, steel, or stone 

 dust, in industrial processes. The 

 solid particles become deposited in 

 the lymphatic glands of the lungs 

 and bronchi. A mild degree of this 

 condition is found in the lungs of all 

 who have lived for any length of 

 time in the sooty atmosphere of a 

 large town. Chronic bronchitis and 

 emphysema are common. 



Pneumo-thorax. Presence of 

 air in the thoracic cavity, i.e. be- 

 tween the lung and the chest wall. 

 The condition may be due to rup- 

 ture of the lung, so that air finds 

 its way between the layers of the 

 pleura (q.v.), or to an external in- 

 jury perforating the wall of the 

 chest and allowing ingress of air 

 from the outside. Pneumo- 

 thorax results in a certain degree 

 of collapse of the lung, and often 

 develops insidiously when asso- 

 ciated with phthisis. 



Pnom Penh. Capital of Cam- 

 bodia, French Indo-China. It 

 stands on the Mekong, 130 m. N.W. 

 of Saigon. Under the French re- 

 gime the city has been transformed 

 by the construction of fine public 

 buildings and spacious boulevards. 

 The chief buildings are the palace 

 of the Buddhist priests and the 

 Pagoda. The city is a great centre 

 of trade, especially for the district 

 round the Great Lake to the N.W. ; 

 sea-going vessels can reach the 

 riverside quays. Pop. 85,000. 



Pnyx. Place of meeting of the 

 ecclesia (q.v. ) or general assembly 

 of the people of ancient Athens. 

 It was probably in the neighbour- 

 hood of the Acropolis and the 

 Areopagus, but the exact identity 

 of the place is doubtful, 



P.O. Abbrev. for Post Office ; 

 Postal Order ; Petty Officer. 



Po (anc. Padua). River of 

 Italy. It rises in the Cottian Alps 

 (q.v.) by Mt. Vise, and flows in an 

 E. direction through Piedmont, 

 Lombardy, and Venetia to the 

 Adriatic, which it enters by several 

 mouths. About 415 m. in length, 

 it is navigable for over three- 

 quarters of its course. The drain- 



age area is about 28,000 sq. m., 

 and the chief tributaries are the 

 two Doras, Sesia, Ticino, Adda, 

 Oglio, Mincio, Tanaro, Trebbia, 

 and Secchia. 



The valley is an ancient arm of 

 the Adriatic Sea, which has been 

 gradually silted up with the off- 

 scourings of the Alps and Apen- 

 nines ; the process continues even 

 now, despite the regulating em- 

 bankments and dikes, for the 

 delta is growing steadily eastwards. 

 In former times forested and 

 marshy, it has been so altered by 

 man that it is one of the most 

 productive agricultural areas in 

 Europe, the rice crop grown on the 

 irrigated areas yielding 10 million 

 cwts. annually. 



Historically it has been one of the 

 major cockpits of Europe. Numer- 

 ous invading hordes swept into the 

 N.E. across the low saddle of the 

 Carso, conquerors, including Hanni- 

 bal and Napoleon, entered the N.W. 

 over the Alpine passes ; it has been 

 for long a battleground between 

 Austria and Italy. This fact ac- 

 counts for the importance to 

 Italy of the Trentino (q.v). 



Poaching. Term used in Eng- 

 lish law for trespass upon another's 

 land in pursuit of game or fish. 

 The game laws of Great Britain, 

 which may be traced back to the 

 forest rights exercised by Saxon 

 monarchs, are to-day a tangle of 

 statutes of various dates. They 

 rest upon the legal doctrine that 

 wild animals are not the absolute 

 property of anyone until they have 

 been " reduced into possession " 

 by killing or capture. Although, 

 therefore, ownership or occupation 

 of land gives .exclusive right to 

 take any game upon it, an in- 

 fringement of that right is not 

 larceny of the game, but a poach- 

 ing offence. 



The main provisions of the 

 various Acts of Parliament directed 

 against poaching may be sum- 

 marised thus : Trespassing in 

 pursuit of game by day, i.e. be- 

 tween an hour before sunrise and 

 an hour after sunset, is punishable 

 summarily by a fine of 2. This 

 becomes 5 if the poachers refuse 

 to leave, or give false addresses, 

 or if the party exceeds four in 

 number. The penalties for night 

 poaching are three months' hard 

 labour for a first offence, double 

 that term for a second, and penal 

 servitude, or tvro years' hard 

 labour, for any subsequent of- 

 fence. Persons found on highways 

 by night for the same purpose 

 incur a like punishment. If vio- 

 lence with any offensive weapon is 

 offered, or if any member of a 

 party of three or more night 

 poachers is armed with such a 



weapon, the offenders are liable to 

 penal servitude. Persons suspected 

 of poaching may be searched by a 

 constable, and if any game or any 

 instrument of poaching is found on 

 them, they become liable to a fine, 

 and the property may be forfeited. 

 Private fishery rights are pro- 

 tected by the Larceny and Malici- 

 ous Damage Acts of 1861. People 

 who unlawfully and knowingly fish 

 in the daytime in waters where 

 they have no right or permission to 

 fish are liable to have their tackle 

 confiscated by the owner of the 

 fishery and to a fine of from 2 to 

 5. If the unlawful fishing is done 

 by night, the offender can be ar- 

 rested by anybody on sight, and 

 taken before a magistrate for sum- 

 mary punishment. Any accessory 

 to such fish poaching is liable to the 

 same penalty. It is an indictable 

 misdemeanour, if done in waters 

 belonging to or adjoining a dwell- 

 ing-house, and the penalty is a 

 fine of 5, and forfeiture of the fish 

 caught, if done in other private 

 waters. The use of any explosive 

 to kill fish is forbidden, and the use 

 of lime or any noxious material 

 in private fisheries for the same 

 purpose is punishable with penal 

 servitude. 



Ireland has a distinct code of 

 statutes against poachers, but this 

 does not differ materially from the 

 laws of Great Britain. The game 

 laws of the mother country have 

 not been applied to any of its 

 over-sea possessions ; but many 

 of these have passed less stringent 

 Acts for the protection of their 

 wild animals. See Game Laws. 



Pobiedonostzev, CONSTANTINE 

 (1827-1907). Russian politician. 

 Born at Moscow and educated at 

 the St. Peters- 

 burg school of 

 law, he was 

 appointed 

 professor o f 

 civil law at 

 Moscow in 

 1859, having 

 been previous- 

 ly an official 

 of the senate. 

 He was tutor 

 to Alexander III, became a mem- 

 ber of the imperial council in 1872, 

 and was appointed procurator of 

 the Holy Synod in 1880. In this 

 position he wielded great influence 

 in ecclesiastical matters, but his 

 stern opposition to nonconformity 

 made him very unpopular. He 

 resigned his position in 1905, after 

 the war with Japan, and died 

 March 23, 1907. Pobiedonostzev 

 was the author of several legal 

 works, a volume of essays, and 

 a translation of the Imitation 

 of Christ. 



C. Pobiedonostzev, 

 Russian politician 



