POKEWEED 



6216 



POLAND 



the wall-encircled 

 Castle Hill, 

 crowned by a 

 castle built by 

 the Venetians. A 

 temple of Augus- 

 tus, built 19 B.C., 

 and the Amphi- 

 theatre, 435 ft. 

 long, constructed 

 of white Istrian 

 limestone, are 



Pokeweed (Phylolaccadecandra). 

 PIGEON-BERRY OR RED-INK PLANT. 

 Perennial herb of the natural 

 order Phytolaccaceae. It is a 

 native of the warmer parts of N. 

 America. It has large, fleshy, 

 poisonous roots, and tall stems. 

 The large, oval, alternate leaves 

 become purple in autumn. The 

 whole plant has an unpleasant 

 odour. The root is emetic' and 

 purging, and a tincture of the 

 berries is used as a remedy for 

 rheumatism. 



Pokeweed or Red Ink plant. 



Flower spikes and leaves ; inset, 



flower 



Pokomo OR WAPOKOMO. 

 Primitive negroid people of Bantu 

 speech. In Tanaland prov., Kenya 

 Colony, they number about 18,000. 

 See Bantu ; Negro. 



Pokuna. Artificial tank for 

 bathing or holding drinking water, 

 in ancient Ceylon. Innumerable at 

 Anuradhapura, many are 150 ft. 

 by 60 ft., and 25 ft. deep, with 

 granite tiers, balustraded marble 

 steps, and sculptural enrichments. 

 They were used for ablutions and 

 general water supply. 



Pola. Town of Italy, in the pen- 

 insula of Istria. It was formerly 

 the chief naval station of Austria- 

 Hungary. There are two harbours, 

 commercial and naval. E. of the 

 commercial harbour are barracks, 

 the custom house, and the 15th 

 century cathedral ; farther E. is 



In the Great War part of the 

 Austrian fleet was blockaded in Pola 

 harbour by the Italians, who made 

 several raids, Nov. 1, 1916, and 

 May 14, 1918. On the latter occa- 

 sion Italian naval men torpedoed 

 an Austrian battleship. In Oct., 

 1918, Croatian sailors seized the 

 fleet, and the Italians raided the 

 harbour, blowing up the Viribus 

 Unitis, and thus precipitated a 

 crisis between Italy and Yugo 

 Slavia. The Italians occupied Pola 

 early in Nov., 1918, and with 

 Istria it passed to Italy by the 

 peace treaty of 1919. Pop. 6,000. 

 See Adriatic, Operations in the. 



Polacca. Three-masted ship 

 common in the Mediterranean 

 Though square-rigged and carrying 

 a jibboom, the main and fore masts 

 are single spars, without top or 

 crosstrees. The name is Italian 



Pola, Italy. Ruins of the Roman 



Temple of Augustus. Top, left, the 



amphitheatre from the south 



monuments of the Romans. The 

 Venetians removed the stone seats 

 of the amphitheatre for building 

 purposes. As Colonia Pietas Julia, 

 the port was an important Roman 

 naval station ; captured by the Vene- 

 tians in 1148, it was destroyed in 

 1379; in 1815 it became Austrian. 



Polacca. Three-masted square-rigged 

 vessel employed in the Mediterranean 



meaning Polish. It is also a name 

 for the Polonaise (q.v.). 



POLAND: KINGDOM AND REPUBLIC 



Robert Machray. B. C. Wallis, and A. W. Holland 



Thin work contains articles on the cities, rivers, etc., of Poland, 



e.g. Cracow ; Vistula ; Warsaw ; also on its leading men, e.g. 



Paderewski ; John Sobieski. See Europe ; Russia ; Silesia 



Poland of to-day is a republic 

 of Central Europe, created by the 

 Peace Conference following the 

 mppnw Great War. Its 

 area is estimated 

 at 241,400 sq. m. 

 and its pop. at 

 30,000,000. It was 

 created from Rus- 

 sian Poland, the 

 kingdom proper, 

 German Poland, 

 Poland arms ,-. e . p osen (p oz . 



nan) and part of German Silesia, 

 and Austrian Poland or Galicia. 

 The boundary with Lithuania wa< 

 settled, Mar., 1923 (see Vilna) 

 To the S. lies the Carpathian fron- 

 tier with Czecho-Slovakia on the 

 >S. side, to the N. the boundary is 

 the Baltic coast, Danzig, and E 

 Prussia. 



Poland includes four types of 

 country. A small area of Baltic 



Poland Flag; 

 white and red 



coastland in the N. has slopes 

 rising S. to a broad gentle swelling 

 some 600 ft. in elevation, where 

 ^ numerous 



short streams 

 drain to the 

 Lower Vistula. 

 S. of this lies 

 the Polish 

 plain, part of 

 the Great 

 European 

 plain; from 

 the N.E. flows the Nareff (Narew) 

 and its affluents, from the E. the 

 Bug and many tributaries drain 

 into the Nareff just above its con- 

 fluence with the Vistula; the W. 

 of the plain is drained to the Oder. 

 The third area is a region of low- 

 plateaux in Kielce and Lublin, cut 

 by the Vistula and smaller streams ; 

 S. of the plateaux is the depression 

 drained by the Upper Vistula and 



