POLE 



6221 



POLE-FINDER 



Pole. Measure of length, also 

 known as the rod. It is 5J yds. 

 long. A square pole covers 30J 

 sq. yds. 



Pole. Name of an English 

 family famous for its nearness to 

 the crown in the 15th and early 

 16th centuries. It was founded by 

 a Yorkshireman, William atte Pole, 

 who settled in Hull about 1300. 



Sir William atte Pole, the 

 younger, who lent money to the 

 government and was a member of 

 Edward Ill's parliaments, was the 

 father of Michael Pole, who was 

 made chancellor of England and 

 earl of Suffolk. He, too, was very 

 wealthy, but he had many enemies, 

 and, after being impeached, his 

 friend, Richard II, was obliged to 

 abandon him, and he died in 

 France in 1389. His son, restored 

 to the earldom, died before Har- 

 fleur in 1415, and the next earl was 

 killed at Agincourt. William Pole, 

 or de la Pole, as the family is often 

 called, became the 4th earl, and 

 was later that duke of Suffolk so 

 prominent during the earlier part 

 of Henry VI's reign. He, too, lost 

 his honours and estates before he 

 died, but the dukedom was re- 

 stored to his son John in 1455. (See 

 Suffolk, Duke of.) 



This John Pole, the 2nd duke, 

 married Elizabeth, daughter of 

 Richard, duke of York, and sister 

 of Edward IV, and they had 

 several sons to whom this relation- 

 ship proved fatal. The eldest, John, 

 earl of Lincoln, regarded at one 

 time by Edward as heir to the 

 throne, revolted with Simnel 

 against Henry VII, and was killed 

 at Stoke. The second, Edmund, 

 who succeeded his father in the 

 earldom but not in the dukedom of 

 Suffolk, was handed over to Henry 

 VII by Philip, the archduke, and 

 was put to death in 1513. Another 

 son, Richard, killed at Pavia in 

 1525, was the last male of the house. 

 Pole, REGINALD (1500-58). Eng- 

 lish cardinal. He was born in 

 March, 1500, at Stourton Castle, 

 Staffordshire, 

 son of Sir 

 Richard Pole 

 and Margaret, 

 countess of 

 Salisbury, 

 niece of Ed- 

 ward IV, and 

 younger bro- 

 ther of Lord 

 * Montague. 

 - R e g i n a 1 d 

 entered the 

 Church, re- 

 tired from England to Italy in 1532, 

 definitely broke^ with Henry in 



1535, and was made a cardinal in 



1536. During the reign of Henry 

 and the Protestant government 



under his successor, Edward VI, 

 Pole could not venture to England ; 

 but on the accession of Queen 

 Mary (1553) he was sent to Eng- 

 land as papal legate to effect the 

 formal reconciliation of England 

 with Rome. Arriving Nov. 25, 1554, 

 he immediately became Queen 

 Mary's most trusted confidante, 

 and was elevated to the vacant 

 see of Canterbury. He died Nov. 

 17, 1558. See History of the Life 

 of R. Pole, T. Phillips, 2nd ed. 

 1767 ; Lives, T. G. Lee, 1888; M. 

 Haile, 1910. 



Pole-axe. Military weapon 

 used up to the 16th century by 

 mounted soldiers. It consisted of 

 a hatchet blade, and serrated 

 hammer, on a short handle, and 

 was a later form of the battle-axe 

 (q.v.). A more modern form of 

 pole-axe was used for slaughtering 

 cattle, but during the 20th century 

 it gave way to more humane 

 methods. See Armour. 



Pole-Carew, SIR REGINALD 

 (1849-1924). British soldier. Bornat 

 Antony, Cornwall, May 1, 1849, he 

 was the son of 

 a Cornish land- 1 

 owner of old | 

 family. Edu- 1 

 cated at Eton I 

 and Christ 1 

 Church,Oxford, | 

 he entered the 

 Coldstream 

 Guards in 1869, 

 rising in 1896 

 to the com- 

 mand of a battalion. Meantime 

 he had been attached as A.D.C. to 

 the duke of Connaught and other 

 soldiers in high position, had been 

 military secretary to Lord Roberts, 

 and had seen active service in 

 Afghanistan, 1879, Egypt, 1882, 

 and Burma, 1886. In 1899 he 

 commanded the brigade of guards, 

 and later a division, against the 

 Boers, being knighted in 1900. He 

 retired from the army in 1906, 

 returning during the Great War as 

 inspector-general of the Terri- 

 torial Force. From 1910-16 he 

 was Unionist M.P. for Bodmin, and 

 died Sept. 19, 1924. Sir Reginald 

 married Lady Beatrice Butler, 

 daughter of the marquess of Or- 

 monde. Pron. Pull-Carey. 



Polecat (Putoriiw foetidus). 

 British carnivorous mammal, be- 

 longing to the weasel tribe. It is 

 about 17 ins. in length and has a 

 short bushy tail. The general 

 colour of the fur is blackish brown, 

 the under-fur being yellowish 

 brown ; the legs are black, the 

 rims of the ears and the lips white, 

 and there is a bluish-grey band 

 across the forehead. It makes its 

 home in deserted rabbit holes, old 

 buildings, and crevices in rocks ; 



Sir R. Pole-Carew, 

 British soldier 



Polecat, small savage mammal found 

 in parts of Britain 



W. S. Berridge. F.Z.S. 



preys upon small mammals and 

 birds, frogs, reptiles, and eggs, and 

 is very ferocious in disposition, 

 often killing for mere sport. The 

 polecat breeds in May, the nest 

 being usually made in a rabbit 

 burrow. See Ferret. 



Pole-Finder. In electricity, an 

 apparatus for determining the 

 polarity of the leads in a direct- 

 current circuit. For low voltages a 

 kind of galvanometer is used, the 

 direction of the needle's deflection 

 showing the polarity relatively to 

 the coupling of the leads with the 

 terminals of the instrument. The 

 polarity of high-tension currents is 

 decided electrolytically, either by 

 bringing the leads into contact 

 with a specially prepared and 

 moistened paper, which changes 

 colour at one or other pole ; or 

 by immersing both leads in water, 

 when hydrogen gas is given off 

 freely at the negative terminal. 

 To test a dynamo for polarity 

 before connecting up to an accu- 

 mulator, two strips of clean lead, 

 kept two inches apart by a 

 strip of wood, are immersed in 

 dilute sulphuric acid and put in 

 circuit with the dynamo and with 

 an incandescent lamp as resistance. 

 After current has been passing for 

 a short time the strip connected 

 with the + terminal turns brown. 

 See Electricity ; Polarity. 



Pole-Finder. Diagram of apparatus 

 for determining polarity. AA'. lead 

 strips. B. Wood insulation. C. In- 

 candescent lamp as resistance. D. 

 Dynamo, the polarity of which is to 

 be determined 



